虎年说“虎”

作者: 李绍青

人效黄牛心自贵,岁朝寅虎劲更高。2022年是中国农历戊寅年,即生肖纪年的虎年。属相“虎”“虎文化”习语及其英译自然成为热门话题。

中华民族不仅有延续8000年的“龙文化”,还有更为悠久的虎文化历史。中华虎文化源远流长,虎很早就成为中国的图腾之一。龙飞于天,虎行于地。威风凛凛的虎虽然没有像“龙”一样成为帝王的象征,但虎威震山林而使群兽畏服。虎一直被当作是权力和力量的象征。古时“虎符”“虎节”为调兵遣将的信物。虎是威猛的象征,是避邪祈福的神(瑞)兽。中国人对虎的联想非常丰富,因此产生了“坐山观虎斗”“虎踞龙盘”“如虎添翼”“生龙活虎”“虎头虎脑”等许多虎文化习语。一言以蔽之,中国文化里虎是“山兽之君”。

作为百兽之长,祥瑞之虎勇猛威武,而英语里的tiger却无此内涵。《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》上说“tiger: a large wild animal of the cat family, that has yellowish fur with black lines and lives in parts of Asia”。虎的原产地在亚洲,西方人很少能接触到虎,西方传统文化中也就缺乏虎的意象。西方文化中lion(狮子)才是“百兽之王”。

西方人对狮子的敬畏和推崇有着悠久的历史。狮子的王者个性使它成为战神的象征(VS汉语里的“虎将”),常用来称赞骁勇善战的勇士。英国国王理查一世(King Richard Ⅰ)因勇猛过人而被称为“狮心王(The Lion Heart)”。英国是一个十分崇拜“狮子”的国家。英国的钱币印有狮子图案。狮子纹章是英国国徽,the British Lion用来转喻“大英帝国”。lion象征勇猛(courage)、威武(dignity)和王权(royalty)。动画片《狮子王》即使在中国也几乎家喻户晓。荣获奥斯卡六项提名的影片Lion(《雄狮》)的主题是“做自己的雄狮,即使孤独,即使落魄,虽败犹荣”。

《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》给“狮子”的定义是“lion: a large powerful animal of the cat family, that hunts in groups...”。社会名流或社交明星叫作great lion;捧红某人则用短语“make a lion of...”;see/show the lions观赏名胜古迹;lion-hunter巴结社会名流的人;a literary lion文学名人。the lion’s share (of sth): (BrE) the largest or best part of sth when it is divided指最大(或最好)的一份。总体而言,英语中的lion习语数目繁多,而且多倾向用于褒义。

中国“虎”与西方“狮”在汉英民族心目中的地位相当,那么虎文化习语究竟如何英译呢?笔者为此芹献三个锦囊:

一、上策为“留”——形神移植不失真

凡有可能,应尽量采取保留虎文化习语的移植法,使之成为英语文化的“新鲜血液”,使西方读者感到耳目一新,为其了解源语虎文化提供想象空间。

例如:1946年8月毛泽东主席提出的著名论断“一切反动派都是纸老虎”译为:All reactionaries are paper tigers. “纸老虎”直译为paper tiger传神易懂,早已作为正式英语进入词典:“paper tiger: a person, a country or a situation that seems or claims to be powerful or dangerous but is not really”,(指人、国家或局势)纸老虎,外强中干者。(《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》第6版,第1246页)

对于李安导演的影片《卧虎藏龙》,国际上最流行的英译是Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon。“虎年”是The Year of the Tiger而不是The Year of the Lion。属相“虎”更是堂而皇之地译为tiger!

对于下列虎文化成语,译者尽管直译(异化)无妨。

坐山观虎斗 sit on the mountain and watch tigers fight (watch in safety while others fight)

不入虎穴,焉得虎子? How can you catch the tiger’s cubs without entering the tiger’s lair?

苛政猛于虎 (Tigers devour people, but) tyranny is fiercer / more cruel than tigers.

饿虎扑食 like a hungry tiger pouncing on its prey

虎啸风生 tigers howl with the rise of winds

秋老虎 Autumn Tiger

两虎相斗,必有一伤。 When two tigers fight, one is sure to lose.

谈虎色变 turn pale at the mention of the tiger

调虎离山 lure the tiger out of the mountains

虎父无犬子 A tiger does not produce a dog.

龙腾虎跃 dragons rising and tigers leaping

注意:必要时,直译+注释:

前怕狼后怕虎 fear the wolves ahead and tigers behind—be full of fears

三人成虎 three people make a tiger—gossip can be as ferocious as a tiger

九牛二虎之力 strength of nine bulls and two tigers—Herculean effort

骑虎难下 he who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount—have a tiger by the tail

二、中策为“换”——中西意象相辉映

倘若英语文化中有与中国虎文化习语半对应(喻体异而意相似)的习语时,则采用类比法(归化译法)。

1. 译“虎”为“狮”

虎与狮同为猫科动物,汉英习语中存在着“虎冠狮戴”的现象:

拦路虎a lion in the way

虎口拔牙beard the lion in his den

虎落平阳被犬欺little birds pick a dead lion / hares may pull dead lions by the beard

虎头蛇尾in like a lion, out like a lamb

虎胆英雄hero as brave as a lion

置身虎穴place oneself in the lion’s mouth

摸老虎屁股twist the lion’s tail

虎虎生威as majestic as a lion

龙潭虎穴the lion’s den

狐假虎威like a donkey on a lion’s hide / an ass in a lion’s skin

诚如李佐文在《语言与文化》中所言:The lion is regarded as the king of beasts in English speaking countries, while the Chinese regard the tiger as ‘百兽之王’. Therefore instead of saying ‘as brave as a lion’, the Chinese say ‘猛如虎’.

2. 归化为其他喻体

虎父无犬子 Eagles do not breed doves.

养虎遗患 cherish a snake in one’s bosom

刚出虎穴,又入狼窝 out of the frying pan into the fire

骑虎难下 hold a wolf by the ears / grab the bear by the tail / have a bear by the tail

三、下策为“舍”——得“意”忘“形”巧变通

当直译(异化)虎文化习语让西方读者茫然不知所云,在英语中实在找不到异曲同工的对等习语借用时,译者无奈只能采用意译法——舍形取意。

例如:母老虎(母大虫)如果译为a tigress / female tiger,西方读者不但不明白源语本意,反而会心生误会:汉语中既然有female tiger也应该有male tiger呀!英文中又无与“母老虎”匹配的喻体,译者只好舍“喻体”之“形”而取“母老虎”之“喻意”:virago/termagant(泼妇,悍妇)。同样,虎背熊腰如果译为喻体“tiger’s back, bear’s waist”,英语读者也会莫名其妙,译者只要译出此习语本体“膀大腰粗(broad-shouldered and thick-waisted / of a powerful build)”就大功告成了。

下面再列举一些如此意译的虎习语英译:

如虎添翼 with might doubled

龙潭虎穴 an extremely dangerous place

养虎遗患 appeasement brings disasters

狼吞虎咽 devour ravenously

三人成虎 lies turning into truth

降龙伏虎 overcome powerful adversaries

生龙活虎 full of vim and vigor

虎头虎脑 naive and healthy (mostly used of a child)

画虎类狗/画虎不成反类犬 make a poor imitation

虎毒不食子 All men, good or bad, rarely ill-treat their children.

不入虎穴,焉得虎子? Nothing venture, nothing gain.

上述三种翻译策略一般“留”(异化)优先、“换”(归化)次之、“舍”(意译)最次。译者对三法运用得当可以有效消除中西文化差异的天然屏障,准确传神地进行中华虎文化传播。兹举几个有趣的虎文化习语英译例证:

一山难容二虎

①Two tigers can’t share the same mountain.(异化)

②In the realm of lions, there shall be only one king.(归化)

③There can’t be two kings in one palace.(意译)

明知山有虎,偏向虎山行。

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