环境保护与灾害防范

阅读理解

Passage 1

Well-known Volcanoes in the World

While it would be impossible to list all of the Earth’s volcanoes， here are some of the most notable.

Fagradalsfjall， Iceland

Fagradalsfjall， located around 40 kilometers from Reykjavik， had not erupted for many many years before it then erupted in 2021 and 2022. Its last eruption began just several months after the previous one ended. While Iceland has many volcanoes like this， deaths caused by them are relatively few.

Kilauea， the United States

Kilauea—lying on the southern part of the island of Hawaii—is one of the Earth’s most active volcanoes. It last erupted in January 2023. Kilauea is estimated to have caused around 400 deaths in total. It is worthy of note that it tops the list of “very high threat” volcanoes across the United States.

Stromboli， Italy

Stromboli has been erupting almost continuously since 1932. Its last notable eruption was in October 2022. Thankfully， nobody was killed. Because its eruptions are visible a long distance away at night， it is known as the “Lighthouse of the Mediterranean”. Located off the coast of southern Italy， it is among the world’s most visited volcanoes.

Villarrica， Chile

Villarrica， some 750 kilometers south of Santiago， is one of Chile’s most active volcanoes. It serves as a popular spot for hiking and sightseeing， and the surrounding area has been made into a park. Chile has a fairly good network of volcano monitoring stations： Hazard （危险） maps have been produced for many volcanoes （including Villarrica）.

1. Which of the following volcanoes is the most dangerous？

A. Fagradalsfjall. B. Kilauea. C. Stromboli. D. Villarrica.

2. What can we learn about Stromboli？

A. It’s destructive. B. It lies in northern Italy.

C. It’s the most visited. D. It erupts frequently.

3. From which section of a website may the text probably come？

A. Nature. B. History. C. Entertainment. D. Culture.

Passage 2

Silalahi， 46， heads a nonprofit focused on forest protection on the island of Sumatra in Western Indonesia—home to carbon-storing peatland （泥炭地） and critically endangered tigers and rhinos （犀牛）. With her efforts， she has made full use of nearly 18，000 acres of tropical forest from a paper company.

“I grew up in a rural area surrounded by the forest. I used to play in the river. It was such a beautiful place. But I have seen the forest being destroyed by the big paper company and people’s lives turned upside down. I wanted to bring back the area to the way I remembered it，” says Silalahi， and this is also the reason that inspired her to do this work.

“In recent years， we have seen a lot of conflicts and we appreciate what the government says through their political statements about stopping deforestation. Forests are locals’ livelihood. They have this way of protecting their land that has been passed through generations. They know how to preserve and manage the lands. But the presence of the paper company has replaced this forest with eucalyptus trees， which is harmful to the ecosystem. That occasions ecological disasters that affect food production. That’s why we’re fighting so hard to keep what is ours.”

“We live on one planet， and this planet is going through a lot of changes. We need a lot of support from the international community， and we need to build cooperation and partnerships. By working together， we can develop solutions to environmental challenges and create a more resilient and sustainable future for all.”

1. What motivated Silalahi to work on forest protection？

A. Her love for tigers and rhinos. B. Her desire to live in a beautiful place.

C. Her study on ecological disasters. D. Her determination to restore her hometown.

2. What does the underlined word “occasions” in Paragraph 3 mean？

A. Explains. B. Causes. C. Includes. D. Matters.

3. What is the last paragraph mainly about？

A. The importance of global cooperation.

B. The ways to deal with environmental changes.

C. The needs of protecting the ecological environment.

D. The necessity of responding to the ecological threats.

4. What can we infer about Silalahi from the text？

A. She is a government official. B. She is an environmental activist.

C. She is the owner of the paper company. D. She is an expert in forest preservation.

Passage 3

Tropical cyclones start as tropical storms that form in warm ocean waters near the Earth’s equator. The warm air and water at the equator rise into the atmosphere， cool off， and then sink back down. As this cycle repeats itself over and over again， the storm begins to grow and the wind around the storm begins to move faster. Once wind speeds reach 74 miles per hour， the tropical storm becomes a tropical cyclone.

If a tropical cyclone moves over the northwestern Pacific Ocean， it is called a typhoon; if that storm is to move over the northeastern Pacific or the Atlantic Oceans， it is called a hurricane; and if that storm moves over the South Pacific or the Indian Oceans， it is called a cyclone.