巧用修辞,为续写增色
作者: 王思
【问题导读】
修辞手法(figures of speech)是根据表达需要,运用有效的语言手段来提高语言的表达效果,使语言表达具有准确性、鲜明性和生动性的语言运用方式。恰当地使用修辞手法,可以使文章更加生动,更具有表现力,蕴意丰富,引人入胜。
常用的修辞手法有:明喻(simile)、暗喻(metaphor)、夸张(exaggeration)、拟人(per⁃sonification)、排比(parallelism)、对比(contrast)等。
【名师导学】
1. 明喻是英语中最常用的修辞手法之一。它根据人们的联想,利用不同事物之间的相似点,借助比喻词(like、as、as...as、as if、as though、seem等)的连接作用,清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物,指出两个不同事物的相似之处,使表达生动形象,明白易懂。
2. 暗喻(隐喻),表示把某事物比拟成和它有相似关系的另一种事物。在暗喻的句子里都会出现本体和喻体,连接二者的比喻词则常用“是、变成、成为、就是”等汉语词汇来表示,英语则常用be(am、is、are、was、were)等词来表示甲是乙,而不用like、as等比喻词。
3. 夸张是为了达到某种表达效果的需要,对事物的形象、特征、作用、程度等方面故意夸大或缩小的修辞方法。
4. 拟人是指把非人类的东西人格化,赋予它们人类的思想感情、行动和语言能力。拟人化的范围十分广泛,包括对动物、植物以及其他非生物、各种具体和抽象事物、概念、观念、品质的拟人化。
5. 排比是把结构相同或相似、意思密切相关、语气一致的词语或句子成串地排列的一种修辞方法,利用意义相关或相近、结构相同或相似和语气相同的词组(主、谓、动、宾)或句子并排(三句或三句以上),段落并排(两段即可),达到一种加强语势的效果。
6. 对比是把两个事物之间的异同点进行对比,它是表达思想感情的一种有效方式。它能使事物的特征、性质、状态更加突出,语言色彩更加鲜明,语义作用更为加强。
在续写中适当运用这些修辞手法进行细节描写,能加强文章的表现力和感染力。
【案例导引】
阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事
At the end of the class, Mr Smith announced our assignment for the next Monday wasto talk about someone we were grateful to instead of a book report. Upon hearing it, Icouldn't help complaining to Mareya that I was so nervous about having to talk in front ofthe whole class.
“You've been in at least three plays,” Mareya pointed out.“ If you don't get stagefright in front of those big audiences, why are you bothered by a few kids in our class?”
It was true, but in a play you were part of a group. I shook my head. Plus, there wereso many people I was grateful to. There was no way I could possibly pick just one. Plus,even if I picked one, I'd have no idea what to say. Plus, even if I figured out what to say, Iwas a million⁃percent positive Id mess up if I tried to say it out loud! I'd be standing therewith everyone staring at me, waiting for words to come out of my mouth.“ Oh, no!” I pulledmy sweatshirt hood (兜帽) over my face, put my hands over my ears and said.“ I don't wantto talk about it!”
But one thing about really good friends who knew you really well was that they didn'talways do exactly what you asked them to. Mareya could be pretty pushy talking of beinghelpful. She scribbled (潦草地写) something on a piece of paper, lifted my hood, andsmiled. Shed drawn a funny elephant with the word BREATHE coming out of its trunk.
“This is Franky, the Everythings⁃Going⁃to⁃Be⁃All⁃Right elephant,” Mareya giggled.She held the picture up to her ear and asked,“ What's that you say, Franky? Do you thinkmy friend Arizona should come over to my house this weekend so we can work on our talkstogether?”
注意:续写词数应为150左右。
Paragraph 1:
And that was exactly what happened.________________
Paragraph 2:
On Monday morning, however, I decided to talk about Mareya.____________________
一、故事梳理
本文以人物为线索展开。作者听说下周一他要在全班同学面前演讲,谈一谈自己感激的人,感到非常紧张。作者的朋友玛丽亚为了安慰作者,画了一头“一切都会好起来”的大象,并邀请作者一起去她家里准备这次演讲。
二、修辞使用
(一)排比
原文有两处用到了排比,如第三段的“Plus, there were so many people I was grate⁃ful to. There was no way I could possibly pick just one. Plus, even if I picked one, I'd haveno idea what to say. Plus, even if I figured out what to say, I was a million⁃percent positiveI'd mess up if I tried to say it out loud!”中,三个plus引导的句子并排在一起,朗朗上口,有很强的节奏感,增强了文章的表达效果和气势。而且内容上层层递进,更加突出了作者感到紧张的原因。同样,原文第四段的“She scribbled something on a piece ofpaper, lifted my hood, and smiled.”中,scribbled、lifted、smiled三个动作一气呵成,体现了玛丽亚安慰作者、逗乐作者的良苦用心。
在续写的时候,我们也可以模仿原文中使用的排比的修辞手法。由续写部分第一段的首句内容“事实就是这样。”可知,第一段可以描写她们在玛丽亚家里是如何准备演讲的。我们可以这样写:“She then gave me suggestions on whom to talk about,helped me organize my ideas and gave me patient guidance on my gestures, emotions andeye contact.”。同样,根据续写第二段的首句内容可知,此段主要讲作者登台演讲。那么紧张的作者是如何登台演讲的呢?我们可以这样写:“But I finally mustered upcourage, stepped onto the platform, cleared my throat and started my speech.”。这两个句子都是通过一系列的动作来形成排比,加强了语言的气势。
<素材积累>
1. Science is the source of knowledge, the crystallization of wisdom and the sym⁃bol of civilization. 科学是知识的源泉、智慧的结晶和文明的象征。
2. The conscientious professor always prepares his lecture carefully, intelligentlyand prudentially. 这名一丝不苟的教授总是认真、聪明、细心地准备讲座。
3. I get online sometimes to acquire the information I need, to download themusic and movie I like, and to chat with the friends I miss. 我有时上网是为了获取我所需要的信息,下载我喜欢的音乐和电影,跟我想念的朋友聊天。
4. The quickest way to receive love is to give; the fastest way to lose love is tohold it too tightly; and the best way to keep love is to give it wings. 得到爱最快的方法是给予爱;失去爱最快的方法是紧紧地抓住爱;让爱长驻的最好方法是赋予爱一双翅膀。
5. When you keep saying you are busy, then you are never free; when you keepsaying you have no time, then you will never have time; when you keep saying thatyou will do it tomorrow, then your tomorrow will never come! 当你一直说你非常忙碌,你就永远不会得到空闲;当你一直说你没有时间,你就永远不会有时间;当你一直说这件事明天再做,你的明天就永远不会到来!
(二)明喻
明喻是将两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的关系。使用明喻的修辞手法可以对事物的特点、特征进行描绘和渲染,使事物形象更加具体,以此引发读者的想象,富有很强的感染力。常用的明喻标志词有like、as、seem、asif、as though、be similar to等。
续写部分的第二段,轮到作者登台演讲时,我们可以这样写:“When my turncame, I became very nervous, with my heart popping wildly like a deer.”。此句将作者的心跳比喻成小鹿跳动,生动地写出了作者此时紧张的心情。