驳论型议论文读写指南
作者: 肖莉英 付佳琪驳论型议论文是议论文的一种形式。这种议论文是以驳斥某种观点为主的议论文,常常通过否认对方的观点来树立起自己的观点,并阐明自己的理由。破立结合是驳论型议论文的显著特点。具体来说,一般是先指出对方错误的实质,或直接批驳(驳论点),或间接批驳(驳论据、驳论证);继而,针锋相对地提出自己的观点并加以论证。驳论是跟立论紧密联系的,因为反驳对方的错误论点,往往要针锋相对地提出自己的正确论点,以便彻底地驳倒错误论点。高考中考查的论点一般是社会普遍存在的观点对立的问题。
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一、运用正确的阅读策略,判断事实或观点
大多数议论文是事实和观点交织的文章。在阅读语篇的过程中,我们要区分哪些是事实,哪些是观点。我们可以用以下两种策略判断事实和观点:
厘清概念,从定义进行判断 事实是指事情的真实情况,包括事物、事件和事态,即客观存在的一切物体与现象、社会上发生的不平常的事情和局势及情况的变异态势。观点是指人们对事物的看法、评价,它是主观性的。
画出句子,用不同记号区分 比如,对于观点,我们可以用双横线画出。很多文章的观点,常常包括主论点和若干个支撑论点,我们可以把支撑论点都标上序号。对于事实,我们可以用波浪线标记出来。对于多个事实,我们也可以采用标序号的方式进行梳理。
二、运用简单的思维导图,搭建读写框架
思维导图是一种实用性的思维工具。将思维用图像的方式展示出来,通过图形和文字,围绕一个关键点,将各个分支思维连接起来,这就是绘制思维导图的过程,也是一种将思维具象化的方法。我们要一边阅读语篇,一边画出思维导图,以明确文章的主旨,掌握文章的细节,从而真正从整体上、细节上理解文章。在写的方面,思维导图从文章的主题出发,根据文章的内容逐级分层。在思维导图的提示下,我们能构思文章脉络,厘清思路,把握文章的主旨大意和细节,这对写同类型的文章也有帮助。
素材导背
1. 驳论型议论文的常用逻辑关系词
(1)表选择关系的连接词:either...or...、neither...nor...、or等。
(2)表因果关系的连接词:so、therefore、hence、as a result、as a result of、consequently、because of、due to、owing to、thanks to、accordingly、under this circumstance等。
(3)表时间顺序的连接词:at first、the time、the moment、as soon as、and then、later、meanwhile、at the beginning、in the end、before long、for the first (second...) time、the minute/second/moment/instant等。
(4)表转折关系的连接词:but、yet、however、while、on the contrary、on the other hand、at the same time等。
(5)表解释说明的连接词:in that case、that is、that is to say、in another word、in other words、such as、for instance、to begin with等。
(6)表递进关系的连接词:further more、not only...but (also)...、besides、in addition、moreover、above all等。
(7)表示总结的连接词:to conclude、in conclusion、in a word、on the whole、in short、 briefly、in brief、to sum up、all in all等。
2. 驳论型议论文的常用句式
A. 引出问题的句型
(1)Although everyone believes that..., I doubt whether the argument bears much analysis.
虽然每个人都认为……,但我怀疑这一论点是否经得起分析。
(2)Contrary to widely held/accepted belief, I believe that...
与普遍接受的观点相反,我认为……
(3)They may be right about..., but they seem to neglect to mention the fact that...
他们关于……的观点也许正确,但他们似乎忽视了一个事实,那就是……
(4)The advantages of A far outweigh those we gain from B.
我们从A 获得的好处远远超过从B获得的好处。
(5)When the advantages and disadvantages of...are carefully compared, the conclusion is that...
当我们仔细衡量……的优势和劣势,结论是……
B. 解释原因或分析影响的句型
(1)One may view the phenomenon as a result of...
人们可能会把这种现象看作是……的结果。
(2)One may think of the phenomenon as a response to...
人们可能认为这种现象是因为……
(3)There are several causes for this phenomenon. First,... Second,...
造成这种现象的原因有几个。其一,……其二,……
(4)There are different reasons for this phenomenon in...
造成……这种现象的原因各异。
(5)...is partly responsible for the phenomenon in...
……是造成……现象的部分原因。
(6)It is no easy task to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which...
找到造成……这种复杂现象的原因并非易事。
C. 阐述或论述观点的句型
(1)We may cite a single example of...
我们可以举个……的例子来说明。
(2)According to the figures/statistics released/provided by the government, we know
that...
根据政府提供的数据,我们可知……
(3)There is strong evidence/proof that...
有充足的证据证明……
(4)At first thought, it may seem a sound solution, but on second thought, we find that...
乍一看,这可能是一个合理的解决方案,但仔细思考,我们发现……
(5)At first thought, it may seem an attractive suggestion, but carefully weighing on the mind, we find...
乍一看,这似乎是一个有吸引力的建议,但经过掂量,我们发现……
(6)Under this circumstance...
在这种情况下……
(7)To what extent...
在多大程度上……
案例导练
(2018年全国乙卷阅读理解D篇)We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box⁃set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e⁃readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones. “The living⁃room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices—we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.