小说的读写

文体导读

小说，是一种以刻画人物形象为中心，通过完整的故事情节和环境描写来反映社会生活的文学体裁。

环境、人物和情节是小说的三要素。情节一般包括开端、发展、高潮、结局四部分，有的还包括序幕、尾声。根据拉波夫叙事分析模式，一个完整的叙事模式以点题和指向开始，以进展为主体，用评议烘托气氛，以结局结束情节，最后用回应将读者拉回现实。“点题”要求用简单一句话交代清楚故事的关键要素，引发读者的阅读兴趣；“指向”是指故事的时间、地点、人物及背景，是对情节发展的铺垫；“进展”是一篇小说的主体部分，即故事的发展，先发生了什么，接着发生了什么，随后又发生了什么；“评议”是在故事中了解作者的写作意图和态度；“结局”是故事的完结；“回应”是连接故事和现实的纽带。

小说的表现手法主要有细节描写和修辞手法。细节描写又分人物描写和环境描写；修辞手法主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、反复、对比、讽刺、设问、反问、用典、通感和借代等。

策略导航

1.巧用标注细品文章。例如，通过大括号将小说语篇结构中的“点题、指向、进展、评议、结局和回应”标注出来，并标出相应的关键词。此外，可通过彩色笔画出细节描写和修辞手法。例如：用红色笔标注心理描写，用蓝色笔标注语言描写，用绿色笔标注环境描写，用黄色笔标注修辞手法。写作时，根据标注的内容，进行仿写。

2. 利用“LOCK系统”搭建文本框架和读写支架。“LOCK系统”的各个要素中，L代表主角（Lead），O代表目标（Objective），C代表冲突（Confrontation），而K代表冲击性结尾（Knockout）。它们可以概括为一个公式：故事情节=主角+目标+冲突+冲击性结尾。在阅读小说时，利用“LOCK系统”有助于我们整合人物信息，梳理情节走向，明确故事的高潮和转折点，分析故事结尾与小说主题的关系。在写小说读后感时，我们可以利用“LOCK系统”提炼出小说的内容、写作手法和主题。

素材导背

一、关于作者

Sb， was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era and one of the most pop⁃ular novelists of all time.某人是维多利亚时代最受欢迎的英国小说家，同时也是有史以来最受欢迎的小说家之一。

He created some of literatures most memorable characters. 他创造了一些文学作品中最令人难忘的人物。

It is because of this experience that makes sb more concerned about the living condi⁃tions of the working people. 正是因为这次经历，使得某人更加关心劳动人民的生活条件。

All of the experiences give sb a different life and each of them gives the reader a dif⁃ferent thought. 所有的经历给了某人一个完全不同的生活，并且每一次的经历都带给了读者不同的思考。

二、关于小说的主旨或概况

I read a novel entitled...， written by an English author named... 我读了一部名为……的小说，它是由英国作家……所写的。

The story describes a girl called...， who walks out of the shadow of...and begins a newlife. 这个故事描写了一个名叫……的女孩，她走出……的阴影，开始新生活。

Sb's novels expose some social problems， such as... 某人的小说揭露了诸如……的一些社会问题。

三、对作品的评价

I think/In my opinion/From my point of view， ... 在我看来，……

My favourite character is... 我最喜欢的角色是……

One character vividly drawn throughout his novels is... 在他的小说中，刻画得很生动的一个人物是……

It is understandable that... ……是可以理解的。

But is it all right to...？ 但……是对的吗？

One interesting anecdote contained in the story/novel is that... 这个故事/小说中的一件趣事是……

I think sb wants to let his readers know the darkness， terror， violence， and deceptionin the 19th century. 我认为某人希望他的读者了解19世纪的黑暗、恐怖、暴力和欺骗。

Here I remember a popular message which says that nothing is impossible for theyouth.在这里我想起一则受欢迎的信息：年轻无所不能。

The story teaches us that there should be boundaries in interpersonal relationships. 这个故事告诉我们人际关系应该有界限。

In conclusion， only when we keep proper distance can we feel comfortable with eachother and our friendship last long as well. 总之，只有当我们保持适当的距离，我们才能感到彼此相处舒适，我们的友谊才会持久。

案例导练

The Cop and the Anthem

by O. Henry

Winter was near. Soapy had to find some way to takecare of himself during the cold weather. Therefore， hemoved restlessly on his seat in the park.

Soapy's hopes for the winter were not very high.Three months in the prison on Blackwells Island was whathe wanted. Three months of food every day and a bed every night， three months safe fromthe cold north wind and safe from cops！This seemed to Soapy the most desirable thing inthe world.

The most pleasant way to prison was to have a good dinner at some fine restaurant without paying for it. Soapy left his seat and stopped at the best restaurant in this area. Butas Soapy put his foot inside the restaurant door， the head waiter saw his broken old shoesand the torn clothes that covered his legs. Strong and ready hands turned Soapy around andmoved him quietly and quickly outside.

It seemed that this most desirable way to the Island was not to be his. He must thinkof some other way of getting there.

Soapy picked up a big stone and threw it through the glass of another shop. Then，Soapy stood still and smiled， waiting for the cop to arrest him. But the cop saw another manrunning farther along the street， and raced after him.

Later， Soapy saw a man in the shop buying a newspaper. The mans umbrella stood be⁃side the door. Another idea occurred to him. Soapy stepped inside the shop， took the um⁃brella， and walked slowly away. The man followed him quickly.

“My umbrella，”he said.

“Oh， is it？”said Soapy.“I took it. Why dont you call a cop？ Theres one standing at the corner.”

The cop looked at the two men.

“If that's your umbrella， I'm very sorry—I found it this morning in a restaurant.”Aftersaying that， the man hurried away. Soapy wished to be arrested， but the cops seemed to be⁃lieve he was like a king， who could do no wrong.

At last Soapy came to an old， old church where the beautiful anthem held him and re⁃minded him of his past clean soul when a sudden eagerness for a change took hold of him.In his clean past， his life contained such things as mothers and flowers and high hopes andfriends and clean thoughts and clean clothes. He saw with sick fear how he had fallen. Hesaw his worthless days， his wrong desires， his dead hopes， and the lost power of his mind.He would fight to change his life. He would pull himself up， out of the mud. He wouldmake a man of himself again.