主题一 灾害与防护②

Ⅰ. 阅读理解

A major emergency can create hundreds of thousands of refugees （难民） overnight.The most immediate way in which organizations like the United Nations High Commissionfor Refugees （UNHCR） and the International Committee of the Red Cross （ICRC） can helpthese refugees is by setting up refugee camps. Refugee camps are designed to be tempo⁃rary， but they often remain in place for decades. In some parts of the world， children havegrown up and have had children of their own without ever leaving their camps.

Critics argue that they force refugees to be entirely dependent on donations. One jour⁃nalist who visited the Nyadeou camp in the south of the Republic of Guinea （Africa） in2001， described how normally peaceful people were reduced to fighting with each otherwhen the food truck arrived.

Refugee camps can easily become dirty， overcrowded and are overrun with diseases orcrime. In many camps， drug dealers hide themselves among the majority of innocent refu⁃gees.

One alternative for refugees is to settle in a town or a village， making them becomepart of the local population. This is known as the“self⁃settlement”. Several aid agenciesargue that the self⁃settlement is a better option in many cases than refugee camps. They saythat self⁃settled refugees can start to rebuild their lives straight away， and are freer and saf⁃er than refugees in camps. Oxfam， the ICRC and many other international aid agencies sup⁃port programs in which refugees are helped to self⁃settle.

Representatives of UNHCR argue that refugee camps are the best way of saving thegreatest possible numbers of lives. They point out that it is much easier to help people ifthey are all gathered in one place. This is certainly true of emergency relief， for example，the distribution of food， water， shelters and medical supplies. It is also true that long⁃termaid programs， such as family tracing， orphan support and， perhaps most importantly， educa⁃tion， can all be carried out much more easily when refugees are all living together in one place.

1. Who should be responsible for the refugees’dependence on donations？

A. Critics.

B. Children.

C. Refugee camps.

D. The UNHCR and the ICRC.

2. What advantage can self⁃settled refugees enjoy？

A. More personal aid. B. More living space.

C. Better training programs. D. A better sense of security.

3. What benefit can gathering refugees in one place bring？

A. It can help save much land.

B. Its easier for them to get schooling.

C. It can reduce the number of orphans.

D. It allows families to better help each other.

4. Which of the following is beyond the author’s discussion in the text？

A. The advantages of refugee camps.

B. The disadvantages of refugee camps.

C. The advantages of the self⁃settlement.

D. The disadvantages of the self⁃settlement.

Ⅱ. 补全信息

“A ship in harbor is safe， but that is not what ships are built for，”said John A. Shedd，an early 20th century author. Throughout COVID⁃19， we’ve all become used to assessingrisk in new ways. We’ve come to understand， though we can never get rid of risk altogether，we have great power to make choices both large and small to protect ourselves. 1 It stops us from stepping outside of our comfort zones and trying new things.

Developmental psychologists talk about“positive risks”—socially acceptable risksthat our lives can benefit from. 2 But what about these， who develop into adults？Researchers have found that happiness for older adults is being able to choose how theyspend their time， including ways that are adventurous， new and even mildly risky—like hik⁃ing or other outdoor activities.

One guide to positive risk management lists ways that people can make sure theirrisks are on the“safe”side of risk range. For example， to ensure a successful bike ride， youshould in advance equip yourself with a fully⁃charged cell phone and a full water bottle. 3 Or if you are concerned about your physical capacity， consult a certified traineror medical professional before departure.

4 This means adapting to changing situations. In response to the deadlyvirus， people choose to step back into normal life only after they are vaccinated. In thisway， people could be confident that the risk is tolerable.

Nobody wants to be needlessly risky. But using our newly⁃acquired risk assessmenttools， we can once again learn and grow in our lives. 5

A. Take risks in a positive way.

B. But the self⁃protective mind state carries its own risk.

C. Overall happiness is one benefit of positive risk⁃taking.

D. Remember to tell one of your friends or family your destination.

E. Besides taking preventive steps， flexible thinking is also encouraged.

F. Like a ship sailing away from its harbor， that is what we were built to do.