词义推断题备考策略

作者: 胡金莹

一、命题解读

词义推断题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的意思的能力,突出考查考生对语境的分析和把握能力。它不仅涉及对考生的语言水平的考查,还涉及对考生的语言应用能力和综合素质等方面的考查。考生应学会通过构词法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义词、反义词及上下文线索等推断词义。

词义推断题虽不是阅读理解题考查的重点,但也是常考题目,是对考生综合能力的考查。近几年,词义推断题难度略有增加,考生需在较为复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。在今后的高考中,这类试题出现的概率将保持平稳,而且将增加对短语含义以及句意的考查。

二、解题策略

1.利用构词法推断词义

英语中的许多词汇,特别是不断出现的新词,大多是通过构词法生成的。通过了解构词法,考生不需要借助上下文便能够大体推断出词义,然后再结合语境判定词义。这样事半功倍,大大提高了解题的效率和正确率。因此,在做词义推断题时,可以先把握构词法,再结合语境解题。构词法主要有合成法、派生法和转化法三种形式。

(1)合成法。合成法是指两个或多个单词按照一定的规律组合在一起,形成一个新的单词。一般来说,合成词的意思就是各个组成词的意思的结合。例如:overestimate是由over和estimate组合而成的新单词,意为“高估”。考生在阅读中经常见到这样的单词,也能比较轻松地猜出它们的意思。根据复合词的组成部分猜测词义是词义推断的一条捷径。

【典例链接】(2019·全国甲卷阅读B篇)I guess that there's probably some demand- ing work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings.I men- tion the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on... At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Al- right. Yes,I'll do it.”

25. What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings" in paragraph 2 mean?

A.Encourage teamwork.                           B.Appeal to feelings.

C.Promote good deeds.                             D.Provide advice.

【点石成金】B 画线部分中的heartstrings是合成词,由heart和strings组成,由此可推断此短语与心情有关。根据前文可知,作者猜测这位家长对参与一项不熟悉的运动可能有一些顾虑,而作者需要说服那位家长。根据“I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on...”可知,作者是想从情感上打动这位家长,故选B。

(2)派生法。派生法是通过在单词词根上添加前缀或后缀来构造新词。一般来说,前缀改变词义不改变词性,而后缀改变词性不改变词义。常见的前缀有:

①表示否定或相反意义的前缀dis- ,un- ,im- 、 in- , ir- ,il- , non-等,往往可以构成原单词的反义词。如 : advantage(优点)—disadvantage(缺点) 、accurate(准确的)—inac-curate(不准确的).polite(礼貌的)—impolite(不礼貌的)、 logical(符合逻辑的)—illogi-cal(不合逻辑的) 、employment(就业)—unemployment(失业)、 existence(存在)—non-existence(不存在),connect(连接)—disconnect(切断)等。

②表示“又;再;重新”的前缀re-。如l : reactivate(使重新出现)、readjust(重新适应)、reborn(再生)、reunion(重逢),reorder(重新排列)等。

③表示“和……一起;共同;联合”的前缀co-。如:co-author(合著者)、cooperate(合作)、co-education(男女同校)等。

④表示“超过”或“过度”的前缀out-。如: outlive(比……活得长), outnumber(比……多),outweigh(超过)等。

(3)转化法。把一个单词由一种词性用作另一种词性的方法称为转化法。由于词性的转化,其词义产生变化,故考生在推断句子中某个词的含义时,首先应借助该词所在句子的语法结构判断该词的词性,然后再借助该词前后的搭配结构、语义来推断词义。

【典例链接】(2018·北京卷阅读D篇)A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric,self- driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施)and operations 40% by 2050.Few- er emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services,considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (责任与维护问题).But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people be- come comfortable with the technology.

49.What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A.Employed.                                                      B.Replaced.

C.Shared.                                                           D.Reduced.

【点石成金】A field常用作名词,表示“场地”或“领域”,此处用作动词,引申为“使用”或“应用”。根据画线词所在句中的The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly和下文中的as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology可知,随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如,第一批上市的无人驾驶汽车会“被应用”到打车服务中。

2.利用上下文线索推断词义

在有些文章中,特别是科技类说明文,作者通常会通过对一些关键词或专业术语下定义来帮助读者理解词义,尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。下定义时,作者通常使用信号词,如i.e.、is/are、is/are called、mean、refer to、define、 represent、signify、be considered/known as等。文章对词义的解释除了直接下定义外,还有一种间接释义法,即通过描述、介绍、总结等方式就画线单词或短语等给出间接提示,考生可以从中推断词汇含义。

【典例链接】(2021·全国甲卷阅读C篇)Southbank,at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding,where the continuous crashing of skate- boards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆),I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe.A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting:“Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered-landing tricks, being a good skater.

经典小说推荐

杂志订阅

友情链接