生物多样性信用如何促进自然的保护与恢复？

This year’s Global Risks Report from the World Economic Forum ranked ‘biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse’ as one of the three most severe risks over the next ten years， caused by climate change.

There is a plan to address this threat. In 2022， 196 countries adopted the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework， agreeing to cease biodiversity loss by 2030 and ensure that natural resources are used sustainably by 2050. Yet， an estimated funding gap of US$598 billion–$824 billion exists between current annual spending on conservation and restoration and what is needed to achieve the goals of the framework. Public finance and policies can help to close this gap — for example， governments could lower taxes for green technologies and redirect subsidies from activities that are environmentally harmful to those more sustainable ones. But a new source of finance is also needed.

Biodiversity credits are one mechanism， highlighted by the Global Biodiversity Framework， which could help to generate private-sector funds and ensure those funds for demonstrable conservation and restoration achievements. By buying these credits to fund certain projects， companies could achieve any one of three goals. First， to boost their profile and marketing， organizations could make contributions to improving the world’s biodiversity independent of their own activities. Second， after assessing their impact on the environment and trying to avoid or minimize harm， companies could use the credits to fund remediation efforts in the same location and ecosystem type with the harm being done. Last， organizations could invest in efforts that enhance biodiversity and resilience in their supply chains.

Some corporations are already making promises not just to minimize their impact on nature but also to enhance ecosystems and biodiversity. And some biodiversity-credit markets， required by law to purchase credits， are emerging in several countries， including Colombia， Germany， India， France and England. But as the failures of carbon-credit markets， designed to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions， have shown， for biodiversity-credit markets to grow and achieve what’s needed， “they” must be built and operate in the right way.

（材料选自nature网站，有删改）

1. What do we know biodiversity loss over the next ten years？

A. It will become worse and worse.

B. It will not be a problem by 2050.

C. It will need more financial aid.

D. It will remain an unsolved threat .

2. The third paragraph mainly focuses on .

A. The significance of purchasing biodiversity credits.

B. The process of purchasing biodiversity credits.

C. The mechanism of purchasing biodiversity credits.

D. The methods of purchasing biodiversity credits.

3. What’s the author’s attitude towards the emergence of biodiversity-credit markets？

A. Indifferent. B. Negative.

C. Concerned. D. Hateful.

4. What does “they” in the last paragraph refer to？

A. Biodiversity-markets.

B. Carbon-credit markets.

C. Some corporations.

D. Several countries.

1. C。解析：细节理解题。材料第二段的第三句提到“然而，据估计，在当前用于保护和恢复的年度支出与实现该框架目标所需的资金之间存在5980亿— 8240亿美元的资金缺口”。由此可知，C选项“它亟须更多的财政援助”与材料内容相符，故选C。

2. A。解析：主旨大意题。材料第三段的第一句和第二句提到“生物多样性信用是全球生物多样性框架所着重指出的一种机制，能够助力筹集私营部门资金，并确保这些资金用于显著的保护和恢复成果。通过购买这些信用以资助特定项目，企业能够达成以下三个目标中的任意一个”，下文围绕三个目标展开说明。由此可知，A选项“购买生物多样性信用的意义”与材料内容相符，故选A。

3. C。解析：态度判断题。材料第四段的最后一句提到“但正如旨在降低温室气体排放的碳信用市场的失败所显示的那样，为使生物多样性信用市场得以发展并达成预期目标，‘它们’必须以恰当的方式构建和运作”。由此可以判断，作者关心生物多样性信用市场的正当运作。C选项“关心的，担忧的”与材料内容相符，故选C。

4. A。解析：推理判断题。材料第四段的最后一句意为“但正如旨在降低温室气体排放的碳信用市场的失败所显示的那样，为使生物多样性信用市场得以发展并达成预期目标，‘它们’必须以恰当的方式构建和运作”。由此可以推测“它们”指的是“生物多样性信用市场”，也是本文的主题。A选项“生物多样性信用市场”与材料内容相符，故选A。