乔木林不同郁闭度对种植1年内绒毛方竹生长情况的影响
作者: 白祖云 赵静 李长伟 祖万巧 魏洪兵 王凯
摘要 [目的]探索乔木林郁闭度对方竹生长的影响,达到拓展人工种植方竹的空间及提高林地生产率的目的。[方法]在水富铜锣坝竹产业专业合作社开展了林下种植绒毛方竹试验,设计上层乔木不同郁闭度5个小区,分别采用不覆盖地膜和覆盖地膜2种处理。对种植1年后的绒毛方竹,采取随机抽样方法,抽取10丛,分别调查其竹子地径、竹子高度、竹丛株数、发笋株数、竹笋地径。[结果]不覆盖地膜时竹子平均地径2.27 mm/丛,平均高度0.28 m/丛,平均株数5.14株/丛,平均发笋株数3.52株/丛,竹笋平均地径3.92 mm/丛;覆盖地膜时竹子平均地径2.77 mm/丛,平均高度0.33 m/丛,平均株数3.98株,平均发笋株数2.88株/丛,竹笋平均地径4.52 mm/丛。[结论]通过F检验等分析,上层乔木林的郁闭度对种植1年内的绒毛方竹的径生长、高生长、成竹株数、发笋数量、竹笋地径具有显著影响,但通过覆盖地膜,可以减小上层乔木郁闭度对绒毛方竹生长的影响,尤其能够减小上层乔木高郁闭度对其生长的影响。
关键词 绒毛方竹;乔木林;郁闭度;生长;竹笋
中图分类号 S795 文献标识码 A
文章编号 0517-6611(2024)04-0103-03
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2024.04.022
开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):
Effects of Different Canopy Closures of Arbor Forests on the Growth of Chimonobambusa utilis Rongmao Fangzhu Within One Year
BAI Zu.yun,ZHAO Jing,LI Chang.wei et al
(Zhaotong Forest and Grassland Resources Management Station,Zhaotong,Yunnan 657000)
Abstract [Objective]In order to explore the impact of tree canopy density on the growth of Chimonobambusa quadrangularis,expand the space for artificial planting of Chimonobambusa quadrangularis,and improve forest productivity.[Method]An experiment was conducted at the Shuifu Tongluoba Bamboo Industry Professional Cooperative to plant Chimonobambusa utilis Rongmao Fangzhu under the forest. Five small areas with different canopy densities were designed for the upper layer of trees,and two treatments were used: non covered plastic film and covered plastic film.After planting for one year,a random sampling method was used to select 10 clusters of bamboo,and their bamboo ground diameter,height,number of bamboo shoots,number of shooting shoots and diameter of bamboo shoots were investigated. [Result]The results showed that without covering plastic film,the average ground diameter of bamboo was 2.27 mm/clump,the average height of bamboo was 0.28 m/clump,the average number of bamboo shoots was 5.14,the average number of shooting shoots was 3.52,and the average ground diameter of bamboo shoots was 3.92 mm/clump; When covered with plastic film,the average ground diameter of bamboo is 2.77 mm/clump,the average height of bamboo is 0.33 m/clump,the average number of bamboo plants is 3.98,the average number of bamboo shoots is 2.88,and the average ground diameter of bamboo shoots is 4.52 mm/clump.[Conclusion]Through F.test and other analysis,the following conclusions are drawn: the canopy density of the upper layer arbor forest has a significant impact on the diameter growth,height growth,number of mature bamboo trees,number of shoots,and ground diameter of bamboo shoots within one year of planting. However,by covering with plastic film,the impact of the canopy density of the upper layer arbor on the growth of Chimonobambusa utilis Rongmao Fangzhu can be reduced,especially the impact of the high canopy density of the upper layer arbor on the growth of Chimonobambusa utilis Rongmao Fangzhu.
Key words Chimonobambusa utilis Rongmao Fangzhu;Arbor forest;Canopy density;Growth;Bamboo shoots
基金项目 昭通市第三批“鲲鹏计划——高层次领军人才”培养专项。
作者简介 白祖云(1968—),男,云南水富人,教授级高级工程师,从事森林和草原资源管理与竹产业研究。
收稿日期 2023-04-17;修回日期 2023-07-28
竹产业是昭通六大高原特色产业之一,昭通把发展方竹和筇竹作为扶贫的重要措施,并加快了发展速度[1],截至2021年,全市共发展方竹221 333.3 hm2,除退耕还林外,主要是发展林下种竹[2],但多数未考虑上层乔木林的郁闭度,造林成活率与生长情况参差不齐。为探索林下种植方竹的适宜条件和技术措施,开展乔木林郁闭度对林下种植方竹的成活率及生长影响研究,对林下造竹的地块选择及已经在林下种植的方竹采取科学的抚育管理措施,促进竹林尽快投产及高产稳产具有重要意义。笔者以金佛山方竹(Chimonobambusa utilis p.c.keng)[3-4]的变异植株为研究对象,2022年12月通过国际竹类品种登录中心颁发的登录证书,定名为绒毛方竹(Chimonobambusa utilis Rongmao Fangzhu)[5-6],在水富等县有规模化种植,并研究了乔木林不同郁闭度对种植1年内绒毛方竹生长情况的影响。
1 试验地概况
研究地点位于云南省水富市太平镇二溪村19村民小组。二溪村位于水富市西南边,东邻盐井村,南邻复兴村,西邻绥江县板栗乡,北面邻盐津县,南北长10.3 km,东西宽6.8 km,全村土地面积65.5 km2。属亚热带气候,年降水量1 200 mm 以上,日照少,土壤主要为紫色土,局部黄壤,阴坡,海拔1 401~1 442 m,土层厚度30~40 cm,郁闭度在0.13~0.92。附近植被以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科植被为主,种类繁多,有国家一级保护植物珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill)、红豆杉[Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd]等分布。乔木树种有峨眉栲(Castanopsis platyacantha Rehd. et Wils)、檫木[Sassafras tzumu (Hemsl.) Hemsl]、滇木荷(Schima noronhae Reinw. ex Bl)、水青冈(Fagus longipetiolata Seem. in Bot. Jahrb)、杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook]、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk ex Otto et Dietr)等,乔木胸径12~32 cm,树高7.9~13.2 m。
经济树种有盐肤木(Rhus chinensis Mill)、核桃(Juglans regia L.,Sp. P)、板栗(Castanea mollissima Bl. in Mus. Lugd. Bat.)、黄柏(Phellodendron amurense Rupr. in Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. Sci. St. -Petersb)、杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliver l. c)、苦丁茶[Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume]等。草本植物有蕨类、禾本科草本类和兰科植物等[1,3-4]。有多种竹种分布,竹类有水竹(Phyllostachys heteroclada Oliver )、刺竹子(Chimonobambusa pachystachys Hsueh et Yi)、筇竹(Qiongzhuea tumidinoda Hsueh & T.P.Yi ex Ohrn)、苦竹[Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f]、金竹[Phyllostachys sulphurea (Carr.) A. et C. Riv]等10余个竹种,适合竹类生长,种植有金佛山方竹、八月竹(Chimonobambusa szechuanensis P.C.Keng)、筇竹等笋用竹。
2 研究方法
选择立地条件基本相近,乔木郁闭度不同的地块,根据乔木郁闭度的不同,将试验地块划分为5个小区,每个小区设2个处理。5个小区:A区,郁闭度0.1~<0.2;B区,郁闭度0.2~<0.4;C区,郁闭度0.4~<0.6;D区,郁闭度0.6~<0.8;E区,0.8~<1.0。2个处理分别为种植时不覆盖地膜和覆盖地膜。各试验区基本情况见表1。
每个小区2×667 m2,每个处理667 m2,并在小区靠近公路一侧设置不小于2 m的隔离带。2020年12月种植绒毛方竹,种植密度111株/hm2,株距3 m,行距2 m,采用移植泡桐或通过修枝调整上层乔木郁闭度,种植后第一年进行4次除草抚育。从每个小区每个处理中随机抽取10丛绒毛方竹,调查其竹丛株数、竹子地径、竹子高度、发笋株数、竹笋地径。利用Excel软件对数据进行整理分析,采用F检验分析不同郁闭度对绒毛方竹竹子地径、竹子高度、竹丛株数、发笋株数、竹笋地径的影响[7]。
3 结果与分析
3.1 地径
3.1.1 不覆膜绒毛方竹地径。
种植时不覆膜,各处理竹子地径生长表现为B1>A1>C1>D1>E1。竹子的平均地径为2.27 mm,最高为B1区2.94 mm/丛,最低为E1区0.80 mm/丛,相差2.14 mm/丛(表2)。随着上层乔木郁闭度的增加,到B1区达到最高点,随后逐步下降至E1区的最低点。通过F检验,F=15.108,大于F0.05=2.575,说明在95%的置信度下,种植时不覆盖地膜,上层乔木郁闭度对绒毛方竹的地径生长有显著影响。