油茶低产林改造措施对春梢生长的影响

作者: 左继林 王波 周文才 冯唐华

油茶低产林改造措施对春梢生长的影响0

摘要 以江西省油茶老林与低效林为研究对象,调查了不同综合改造措施对春梢生长的影响,结果表明:油茶不同改造措施对老林与低效林春梢的梢长、梢直径、叶片数量、花芽数量及SPAD的效应不同,综合以隔株间伐、内膛修剪,林地全垦施有机肥15.00 kg/株,3月施尿素0.25 kg/株,6月施复合肥0.50 kg/株,8—9月施0.50 kg/株硫酸钾,11月施硼肥0.15 kg/株的M3综合措施对油茶老林与低效林春梢的生长效应最大;其中综合措施对老林花芽数量比CK增加1.39~4.25倍,低效林提高2.35~3.28倍;4种改造措施均对老林与低效林SPAD的影响达到显著差异,老林比CK提高11.98%~19.00%,低效林增加15.35%~18.13%;各改造措施对油茶老林东向春梢梢长与梢直径、花芽数量均影响最大,分别是西向的1.17、1.07、1.27倍;对油茶低效林南向的梢长、花芽数量、SPAD的影响最大(其中,SPAD南向与西向相同),分别是西向的1.04、1.73、1.00倍;老林与低效林分别以西向、北向的叶片数量较多,老林树体的东向与低效林南向的花芽分别比西向、北向多27.18%、52.33%与72.89%、27.12%;SPAD均以南向最高,分别是西向与北向的1.03、1.06倍;不同改造模式下对油茶老林、低效林树冠东向与南向的春梢生长效应最大,但差异不显著;低效林改造后春梢生长性状明显高于老林,低效林的梢长、梢直径、叶片数量、花芽数量与SPAD分别是老林的1.78、1.27、1.27、2.97与1.02倍。

关键词 油茶;低产林;春梢;生长;效应

中图分类号 S794.4  文献标识码 A  文章编号 0517-6611(2023)10-0107-04

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2023.10.023

Abstract The old teaoil tree and inefficient forest was taken as the research object of Jiangxi Province, the effects of different comprehensive transformation measures on spring shoot growth were investigated. The results showed that different comprehensive transformation measures of Camellia oleifera had different effects on the spring shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf number, flower bud number and leaf greenness of the old teaoil tree and inefficient forest. Among there,the M3 comprehensive measures of thinning every plant and trimming in the inner chamber, applying organic fertilizer 15 kg/plant, urea 0.25 kg/plant in March, compound fertilizer 0.50 kg/plant in June, potassium sulfate 0.50 kg/plant from August to September and boron fertilizer 0.15 kg/plant in November were  the best. The flower bud number of old forest was 1.39-4.25 times higher than CK, and that of inefficient forest was 2.35-3.28 times higher than CK. Among them, the flower bud effect under M2, M3 and M4 was significantly different (P < 0.05);The effects of four types of transformation measures on leaf greenness of old teaoil tree and inefficient forest were significantly different. The old teaoil Treet was 11.98%-18.52% higher than CK, and the inefficient forest was 15.35%-18.13%;The various transformation measures had a significant impact on the spring shoot length, shoot diameter, and flower bud number in the east direction of the old Camellia oleifera forest, which were 1.17, 1.07, and 1.27 times higher than those in the west direction, respectively. They had the greatest impact on the shoot length, flower bud number, and SPAD in the south direction of the low efficiency Camellia oleifera forest (with SPAD in the south and west directions being the same), which were 1.04, 1.73, and 1.00 times higher than those in the west direction, respectively.

The leaves of old Camellia oleifera forest and inefficiency forest were more in the North. The flower buds in the east and south of old Camellia oleifera forest were 27.18%, 51.33%, 72.89% and 27.12% more than those in the west and north respectively;The leaf greenness in the south was the highest, which was 1.05 and 1.06 times higher than that in the west and north, respectively;The effect of different transformation models on the growth of spring shoots of old Camellia oleifera forest and inefficient forest crown in the east and south was the largest, but the difference was not significant;The growth characters of spring shoots of inefficiency Camellia oleifera forest after transformation were significantly higher than those of the old oiltea forest. The shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf number, flower bud number and leaf greenness of inefficiency Camellia oleifera forest were 1.78, 1.27, 1.27, 2.96 and 1.02 times higher respectively than those of the old oiltea forest.

Key words Camellia oleifera;Lowyielding forest;Spring shoot;Growth;Effects

油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel)是我国南方 14 个省(区、市)丘陵地区的重要经济林木,为世界四大木本食用油料树种之一[1]。近年来,我国油茶产业发展强劲,“十二五”期间年产值增长157.9%[2];“十三五”时期,全国新造油茶林72.0万hm2,改造低产林78.6万hm2,高产林面积超过93.3万hm2。油茶产业正迈向高质量发展新阶段[3]。

油茶春梢与油茶生产密切相关,春梢不仅是油茶重要生长量,约占全年新梢数量的85%以上,还是油茶的重要结果枝,成林油茶春梢数量多,梢粗芽壮,花芽分化质量高,开花结果多,来年的果实与产油量也相应增长[1]。目前,有关油茶春梢及不同施肥措施的效应研究报道较多[4-7],然而,对低产油茶林低改造措施对春梢生长的效果研究鲜见报道。笔者通过将林地垦复、修剪强度与施肥种类、施肥措施结合作为一种综合模式,调查对30年以上的老油茶树与2008年以来新造低效油茶的树体春梢生长的效应,旨在为油茶低产低效林的科学改造提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

试验地1,位于江西省都昌县中馆镇中馆村(116°24′36″E,28°50′40″N),海拔53 m。气候温暖多雨,年降雨量1 650 mm,年均温17.1 ℃,无霜期271 d,相对湿度78%,属亚热带湿润气候,四季分明,气候温和,雨量充沛,日照充足,坡度5°~15°。试验地2,位于江西省丰城市董家镇金桥村(115°36′44″E,28°18′40″N),海拔50 m。两地土层厚度均在100 cm以上,土壤类型为丘陵黄红壤,母岩页岩,植被主要有马尾松、铁芒箕、巴茅等。

1.2 试验材料

试验地1,1976年穴播造油茶林133.3 hm2,栽植密度为2.5 m×2.5 m;试验地2,2008年采用2年生赣无系列油茶嫁接苗造林,栽植密度为2.0 m×3.0 m。2地保存率均在85%以上。试验用肥料为江西禧力生物科技有限公司生产的生物有机肥(沈伏1号),所含有机肥≥40%,有效活菌量≥0.2亿CFU/g;复合肥选用高浓度纯硫基复合肥料(N-15 P2O5-15 K2O-15,总养分≥45%),湖北省黄麦岭磷化工有限公司;尿素(中颗粒,总氮≥46%),山东华鲁恒升化工股份有限公司;硫酸钾(K2O≥52%),唐山市三孚硅业股份有限公司;硼肥采用颗粒聚肽型硼肥(聚肽型硼≥1.0%),湖南省正旺农肥料科技有限公司。

1.3 试验设计

试验采用多因素随机区组设计(表1),设置4个不同改造模式和1个空白对照(CK),随机设置3个区组,每个处理选取5株油茶树。区组间、处理间均设有隔离行和隔离株,试验面积0.667 hm2。试验施肥时间从2020年冬季开始,每次施肥采用沟施法,沿油茶冠幅滴水线下一侧开长、宽、深各100、20、20 cm的沟,施肥深度不小于25 cm,肥料与表土混合,上面再覆土。每隔30 d进行林地杂草清除和病虫害防治。

1.4 指标测定

2021年6月上旬进行各项指标测定。油茶春梢的生长指标包括长度、直径、叶片数量。每处理选择冠层东、南、西、北4个方位,随机选取各方向上、中、下3个小枝组进行梢长和春梢(基部)直径测量,其中用钢卷尺测量春梢长度(春梢基部到顶芽基部长度),用游标卡尺测量春梢直径(基部);人工点数每个枝条上的叶片数与花芽数量,油茶叶片叶绿素值采用日本生产的SPAD- 502 型叶绿素计进行测定,选择向阳的健康成熟当年生新梢第 4 和第 5 叶位,求出每片叶SPAD平均值,进行3次重复。

经典小说推荐

杂志订阅

友情链接