蛇年话说汉英词典中的“蛇”
作者: 肖福寿蛇在中华传统的民俗信仰中,是一种神秘且吉祥的动物。这一动物极为神秘,据《说文解字》云:“它,虫也。从虫而长,象冤曲垂尾形。”这一动物极为吉祥,是中国龙的原型,民间则称之为“小龙”。由此可见,蛇在中华文化中占据了显著的地位,是中华文化不可或缺的一部分。
可以说,蛇的踪迹在中华文化中随处可见。中华民族的始祖女娲和伏羲,常被描绘为人首蛇身或“蛇身之神”,体现了蛇在中华古代文化中的神圣地位。两晋时期的文学家郭璞校注《山海经》云:“女娲,古神女而帝者,人面蛇身,一日中七十变。”东晋王嘉的志怪小说集《拾遗记》载:“蛇身之神,即羲皇(伏羲)也。”在文学作品中,蛇的身影更是屡见不鲜,常常象征着智慧、善良和正义。《诗经·小雅·斯干》就有“维虺维蛇,女子之祥”的诗句,屈原在《楚辞·天河》中发出了“一蛇吞象,厥大何如”等问语。西晋文学家与思想家傅玄在《灵蛇铭》中写道:“嘉兹灵蛇,断而能续。飞不须翼,行不假足。上腾云霄,下游山岳。逢此明珠,预身龙族。”《三国演义》讲述了大青蛇惊吓汉灵帝之事,《水浒传》把洪太尉遇蛇挡道的故事讲得活灵活现,《西游记》记叙了唐僧一行四众在驼罗庄遇蛇妖并战而胜之的故事,《警世通言》中的《白娘子永镇雷峰塔》描述了白娘子(白蛇)对小商人许仙的执着之情,《聊斋志异》不乏蛇题材的小说(如《螳螂捕蛇》《豢蛇》)。在婚配方面,就有“蛇盘兔”的民俗信仰,认为属兔的和属蛇的婚配是最吉利的;在饮食方面,山西、陕西等地就流行着一种名叫蛇婆婆的面食,象征着发家致富;在军事方面,就有古代著名的十大军阵,其首位是“一字长蛇阵”;在医学方面,蛇本身是一种重要的药材,是五毒之一。在众多关于蛇的民间传说中,最著名的当属《白蛇传》,故事中的白娘子是一个深受百姓喜爱的善良蛇精,是一个具有永恒魅力的艺术形象。种种迹象表明,蛇是中华文化中颇为独特的一部分。
2025年,是中国农历乙巳年,即民间生肖纪年的蛇年。在这蛇年来临之际,让我们重新检阅一下汉英词典中一些与“蛇”相关的表达法,聊作一种新年之乐吧。
本文的语料主要选自陆谷孙教授主编的《中华汉英大词典》,均为该词典的编纂者自以为迻译尚有特点的与“蛇”有关的成语与俗语,其目的在于与广大读者共享并敦请广大读者质疑与指谬。
一、与“蛇”相关的四字成语
1.1 巴蛇吞象 <idiom> (like a ba snake swallowing an elephant) to have an insatiable greed
1.2 杯弓蛇影 <idiom> (to see the reflection of a bow in a cup and mistake it for a snake) to worry about illusory things; to exaggerate a non-existent menace
1.3 笔走龙蛇 <idiom> (strokes meander like dragons and snakes) beautiful and vigorous calligraphy; handwriting full of delightful turns and twists
1.4 壁间蛇影 <idiom> (to see the wine-cup reflection of a bow hanging from a wall and mistake it for a snake) to worry about illusory things; to exaggerate a non-existent menace
1.5 春蚓秋蛇 <idiom> (spring earthworms and autumn snakes) poor calligraphy; cacography
1.6 打草惊蛇 <idiom> (to beat the grass and startle the snake) 1. to alert the enemy; to telegraph one’s punch 2. to strike one as a warning to others
1.7 毒蛇猛兽 <idiom> (venomous snakes and violent beasts) 1. harmful beasts 2. greedy and cruel people
1.8 封豕长蛇 <idiom> (large pigs and long snakes) greedy and brutish despots or invaders; evildoers
1.9 弓影杯蛇 <idiom> (the shadow of a bow in a cup is mistaken for a snake) to be very suspicious; to entertain imaginary fears; to be an alarmist
1.10 虎头蛇尾 <idiom> (the head of a tiger and the tail of a snake) 1. to have a strong beginning but a weak ending; to start with a bang and end with a fizzle; in like a lion, out like a lamb 2. anticlimatical (ly): 工作不能~ we should not let the work tail off once it gets started
1.11 画蛇添足 <idiom> (to paint a snake and add legs to it) to ruin the effect by adding sth superfluous; to over-egg the pudding; to paint the lily:①大雨后还给草地浇水真是~、多此一举的浪费 watering the grass after a good rain is wasteful and ridiculous excess②电影中的这个情节纯粹是~ this plot in the movie is completely superfluous
1.12 惊蛇入草 <idiom> (like a startled snake disappearing into grass) to write with vigour and ease (of Chinese calligraphy)
1.13 灵蛇之珠 <idiom> 1. pearl as a gift from a serpent [from the story about Duke Sui (隋侯) of the Spring and Autumn Period, who while on a trip treated a wounded serpent; in return, the serpent gave him a bright pearl in order to repay his kindness] 2. <fig> outstanding ability; remarkable literary talent or grace; fantastic endowment
1.14 龙蛇飞动 also 龙蛇飞舞,龙蛇飞腾 <idiom> (dancing dragons and snakes) bold and vigorous (of calligraphy); swift movement (of calligraphy): 只记得纸上~ I just remember the bold and passionate brush sweeps on the paper
1.15 龙蛇混杂 <idiom> (dragons and snakes are intermixed) 1. mixing of good and bad people; can’t tell good guys from bad guys: 人多了难免就会~ a large crowd will invariably involve the presence of saints and villains
1.16 龙头蛇尾 <idiom> (the head of a dragon and the tail of a serpent) 1. a beginning with no end; a good beginning with a poor ending: ~地告了终结 it started off as a mountain and ended up being a mouse 2. to dwindle away to nothing after an initial display of greatness see 虎头蛇尾
1.17 牛鬼蛇神 <idiom> (cow-headed ghosts and snake-bodied spirits) 1. monsters and freaks 2. <fig> forces of evil; bad elements 3. <fig> unreal and weird, illusory and absurd (of a literary work, etc)
1.18 蛇毛马角 <idiom> (like a snake growing hair and a horse growing horns) 1. the impossible; something impossible 2. person with a nominal role or position
1.19 蛇盘鬼附 <idiom> (like snakes coiling and demons attaching to each other) to collude with each other; to be in league with each other; to be thick as thieves
1.20 蛇蟠蚓结 <idiom> (like snakes coiling and earthworms writhing) to collude with each other
1.21 蛇雀之报 <idiom> (repayment of the snake with a pearl and of the siskin with white jade bracelets to their benefactors) repaying a debt of gratitude
1.22 蛇食鲸吞 <idiom> (like snakes devouring and whales swallowing) to swallow up the weak (of the powerful)
1.23 蛇螫断腕 <idiom> (a snakebite on the wrist may cause the wrist to be amputat-ed to stop the spread of venom) a petty harm can ruin the game