中译英策略与方法(二十三)
作者: 鲍川运根据语境判断词的意思及词汇使用的适当性,是每一位译员应有的能力和习惯。但是要建立这种能力、培养这种习惯,则需要找出语言的规律,同时进行大量的实践。这一期我们继续讨论中文一些常用词在翻译中的处理方法。
1. 内容
“内容”这个词使用频率极高。《现代汉语词典(第7版)》对它的释义是:事物内部所含的实质或存在的情况。与“内容”相对应的英文词是content,在翻译中使用频率也很高。在很多情况下,用content对应“内容”是适当的。例如:
网站的生存之道在于网站的内容质量。The survival of a website lies in the quality of its content.
在进行线上教学时,教师应该确保课程内容有逻辑、条理清晰,并能激发学生的学习兴趣。While teaching online, educators should ensure that the course content is logical and clear, and stimulates students’ interest in learning.
有些情况下,“内容”的翻译则可以灵活处理。例如:
今天的会议有几个内容。There are a few things (items) on the agenda for today’s meeting.
学生成绩与身体健康的关系是本研究的主要内容。The relationship between school achievement and health is the focus of the study.
我们的节目增加了与观众互动的内容,形式更加活泼。The program has become more interactive with the addition of an activity that engages the audience.
明天安排团队考核,至于考核的内容,明天上午会通知大家。The team assessment has been scheduled for tomorrow, and we’ll let you know the details tomorrow morning.
明天的教学内容是原版影片欣赏和小组讨论。Class activities tomorrow include viewing of an untranslated movie followed by group discussions.
双方会谈的内容广泛,其中涉及到一些极其敏感的问题。The meeting between the two countries covered a wide range of topics, including some very delicate issues.
这本书的内容非常引人入胜,让读者沉浸在作者独特的故事世界中。The book tells a captivating story that draws readers into the author’s imaginative world.
从以上例句可以看出“内容”与content的用法特点。中文的“内容”可以用于表述一般的或抽象的内容,例如“网站的内容”“课程内容”,指的是一个方面的总体内容;但同时也可以表示具体的活动,例如“教学内容是观看原版电影”“节目增加了互动内容”。而英文content的使用特点往往是泛指,表述总体内容;如果“内容”指的是具体活动,则可以根据具体语境,采用与语境相关的词汇表述。
再看看以下几个对“内容”灵活处理的例句:
这本书是什么内容?What is the book about?
他的演讲内容深入浅出,受到听众的欢迎。His lecture was clear and easy to understand, and was well received by the audience.
我提出的申请过了好久才得到公司的回复,而回复的内容却是“不予批准”。It took quite a while for the management to respond to my application, and their response was a simple “no”.
农村金融改革的内容是允许农村信用社转型为农村商业银行,从而促进农村金融多元化的发展。Rural financial reform allows rural credit cooperatives to transform into rural commercial banks, with the aim of promoting the diversification of financial services in rural areas.
2. 性质
《现代汉语词典(第7版)》对“性质”解释是:一种事物区别于其他事物的根本属性。不过这个解释有点笼统抽象。另外比较多的解释是表示“质地,特性,本质或属性”。表述的侧重点不太一样,因此需要考虑语境。现在看看以下例句中对“性质”的处理方法:
金属的性质是坚硬的。Hardness is a natural property of metal.
对于一项变革,要了解其真实性质,才能全心全意地去推动。You must understand the true meaning of a change before you can put your heart behind it.
由于他的工作性质,他上夜班比较多。Because of the job he is doing, he works on night shifts most of the time.
这个法案的通过将改变公司的税务性质,影响到财务计划和利润。The passage of this bill will change the company’s tax status, which may have implications on its financial plans and profit projection.
知法犯法,性质非常严重。It is a serious crime to knowingly violate the law.
社交活动的性质使得参与者可以互相交流,建立关系。Social activities, by their very design, allow participants to communicate with each other and build relationships.
这些例句中如果都使用nature也是说得通的,但是根据“性质”在每个例句中的具体意思,也可以采用不同的方法处理。再看看下面几个例句:
这家公司的性质是国营的,业内具有一定的影响力。This is a state-owned enterprise that has some influence in the industry.
这场比赛的性质是友谊赛,双方没有太大的竞争压力。It is not a competitive game, so neither side is under any pressure to win.
扫黑除恶的主要内容是扫除带有黑社会性质的犯罪团伙。The primary objective of the crackdown on crimes is to eliminate gang-related criminal groups.
政治不仅引起战争,而且支配战争,因而政治的性质决定战争的性质。Politics not only causes war, but also shapes its course and trajectory, and it therefore determines the nature of war.
以上这四个例句,“性质”表示的都是一种属性,不是特性,因此在译文中直接通过对事物具体的描述表述了意思。对最后一句话中“政治的性质”,也作为一个属性来理解,不是“政治的特点”,而是“政治作为一个类别”,因此就没有对应地翻译为the nature of politics。
3. 情况
“情况”的使用范围非常广,十分灵活,对语境的需求更高。《现代汉语词典(第7版)》的释义是:(1)情形;(2)军事上的变化,泛指事情的变化、动向。 “情况”有时候也指事情的来龙去脉。现在看看下面例句的处理方法:
你三天都没有消息,什么情况?I haven’t heard from you for three days. What has happened?
事件刚刚发生两天,情况非常复杂,我们先看看再说。It is just two days after the incident and the situation is very fluid at the moment. Let’s stay put before making any decisions.
鉴于这一情况,我们需要重新评估项目的可行性。Given what has happened, we need to reassess the feasibility of the project.
我的博士还有一年就读完了,所以无论遇到什么情况,我都不会放弃的。I am only one year away from completing my PhD, and I am determined to follow it through, no matter what.
在这种特殊情况下,我们需要调整预算以适应不确定的市场条件。Under these special circumstances, we need to adjust our budget to adapt to the uncertain market conditions.
总裁召开紧急会议研究非洲市场最近发生的一些情况。The president called for an emergency meeting to review the recent developments in the African market.
以上的例句中,“情况”都作为单独的意义单位出现,需要有具体的表述。每个例句根据具体语境采取了相应的表述手段。我们再看看下面几个例句:
书的销售量要视读者接受的情况而定。The sales of the book depend on how well it is received by readers.
国际关系情况复杂,外交官们必须善于灵活应对。Diplomats must be able to respond skillfully to complex international affairs.
近十年来,我省几个贫困地区的经济情况一直在改善。The economy in several impoverished regions of the province has been improving steadily over the past ten years.
由于天气恶劣,航班可能会受到影响,请随时关注航班情况。The bad weather may cause disruptions in flights. Please check flight status regularly.