兔年话说汉英词典中的“兔”
作者: 肖福寿古人所说的“飞禽莫如鸪,走兽莫如兔”是有道理的,因为“兔”在中华文化中占据了显著地位,隐含着深厚的文化蕴意。
可以说,“兔”的影子在中华文化中随处可见,至少表现在以下几个方面。其一,兔乃瑞兽,祥瑞之征兆。据古书《瑞应图》记载:“赤兔大瑞,白兔中瑞”,宋书《符瑞志》也记载道:“王者德盛则赤兔现,王者敬耋则白兔现。”难怪乎,我国民间有正月初一“挂兔头”以示镇邪禳灾的习俗,京津地区有敬拜“兔儿爷”以求吉祥的习俗。其二,兔乃生育之神,象征多子多产。据晋代张华在《博物志》记载:“兔望月而孕,自吐其子”,此句暗含了兔子超强的繁殖力。其三,兔乃寿星之化身,尤其是纯白玉兔。据葛洪在《抱朴子》记载:“兔寿千岁,五百岁其色白。”其四,兔与月亮之间存在千丝万缕的联系,与“兔”相关的词语成为了月亮的别称或代名词,脍炙人口的神话故事“嫦娥奔月”与“玉兔捣药”当中就有兔的身影。其五,兔与文学艺术也结下了不解之缘,如《诗经》中有《兔爰》,元代杂剧有《白兔记》,欧阳修著有《白兔》,秦观著有《放兔行》,鲁迅先生著有《兔和猫》,《孙子兵法》有“动如脱兔”之说,《淮南子》有“兔子走火如马则追风逮日”之说,《三国演义》有“马如赤兔,关公千里走单骑”之说,屈原在《楚辞·天问》中有“夜光何德,死则又有?厥利维何,而顾兔在腹?”之说,李白在《古朗月行》中有“白兔捣药成,问言谁与餐?”之说,辛弃疾在《满江红·中秋》中有“著意登楼瞻玉兔”之说。其六,“兔”存在于无数汉语词语、成语、俗语、谚语中,如“兔魄”“守株待兔”“兔子不吃窝边草”“兔子拉犁——心有余而力不足”,等等。由此可见,“兔”已深深扎根于中华文化。
2023年,是中国农历癸卯年,即民间生肖纪年的兔年。在这兔年来临之际,让我们重新检阅一下汉英词典中一些与“兔”相关的表达法,聊作一种新年之乐吧。
本文的语料主要选取陆谷孙教授主编的《中华汉英大词典》,均为该词典的编纂者自以为迻译尚有特点的与“兔”有关的表达法,其目的在于与广大读者共享并敦请广大读者质疑与指谬。
一、二字表达法
白兔 1.white rabbit 2.<fig> moon
冰兔 <lit> moon
蟾兔 also 蜍兔 /chú -/ 1.[Chin Myth] the toad and the jade rabbit on the moon 2.[Chin Myth] the jade rabbit on the moon 3.<fig> <lit> moon
雌兔 doe
待兔 <lit> (to stand by a stump waiting for more hares to crash into it) to trust to chance and windfalls see 守株待兔 /shǒu zhū - -/
当兔 <old> shaft between two sideboards (of carriage)
伏兔 1. squatting or lurking hare: 上覆飞鸟, 下不见~ with birds hovering above, no rabbit was seen lurking on the ground 2. <old> squatting hare [device between bottom board and axle of a carriage] 3. [Chin Med] futu, squatting hare [acupoint of the stomach meridian of foot-yangming (足阳明), located on the line connecting the anterior superior iliac spine and the superior border of the patella, 6 cun (寸) above the patella]
跟兔 <old> attendant, footman (of a pimp)
家兔 domestic rabbit
蹇兔 <lit> lame rabbit
金兔 <lit> (gold hare) moon
罝兔 <lit> 1. to catch a rabbit with a net 2. rabbit trapped in a net 3. <fig> conduct of a virtuous person
灵兔 [Chin Myth] jade hare [on the moon]
牡兔 buck
踆兔 <lit> moon
守兔 <fig> to aim high and bide one’s time
霜兔 <lit> white rabbit
跳兔 [Zool] jumping rabbit, jump-ing hare, pedetid [long tail, short front legs, long hind legs, either black or white]
兔楮 <lit> writing brush and paper
兔蛋 <dial> male prostitute
兔管 also 兔翰 /- hàn/ <lit> writing brush see 毛笔 /máo bǐ/
兔毫 rabbit’s hair writing brush
兔褐 1. cloth made of rabbit hair 2. brow-nish yellow
兔灰 <dial> grey (colour)
兔简 1. writing brush and paper 2. <fig> writings
兔角 <fig> non-existent thing
兔径 small path: 独徘徊~ pace up and down the small path alone
兔窟 1. warren; rabbit burrow 2. abbr 狡兔三窟 /jiǎo - sān -/
兔鬣 1. rabbit hair 2. <fig> writing brush
兔笼 rabbit hutch
兔轮 <lit> moon [another name for 月亮 /yuè liang/]
兔毛 1. rabbit hair 2. <fig> tender tea leaves
兔目 1. rabbit’s eyes 2. new leaves of Chinese scholartree [shaped like rabbit eyes]
兔魄 <lit> moon [another name for 月亮 /yuè liang/]
兔阙 [Chin Myth] palace on the moon
兔肉 rabbit
兔丝 [Bot] Chinese dodder, Cuscuta chinensis [the seeds of which are used in Chinese medicine] see 菟丝子 /- - zǐ
兔脱 <lit> to flee (like a rabbit)
兔眼 [Med] hare-eyed; lagopht-halmus; lago-phthalmos
兔颖 <lit> writing brush made of rabbit hair
兔影 1. shadow on the moon 2. shadow cast by moonlight
脱兔 1. fleeing hare 2. <fig> fast see 动如脱兔 /dòng rú - -/
夕兔 also 瑶兔 /yáo -/ <lit> moon
野兔 hare; rabbit
阴兔 <lit> moon
玉兔 <lit> (jade hare) moon [from the legend that a white hare lives on the moon]
雉兔 1. pheasant and rabbit 2. to hunt phea-sants and rabbits
逐兔 1. to chase a rabbit 2. <fig> to fight for the throne: 万人~ myriads of people scramble for the throne 3. <fig> to lead a leisure and comfortable life
坠兔 <lit> setting moon: ~收光 the moon has set
走兔 <lit> to wield a brush; to write or paint with a brush
二、三字表达法
电动兔 rabbit [figure of a rabbit sped me-chanically along a dog track’s edge as an object of pursuit ]
兔捣碓 [Chin Myth] the rabbit’s pestle [in which the “rabbit in the moon” (月中兔 /yuè zhōng -/) grinds medicinal herbs]
兔耳花 also 兔子花 /- zi -/ [Bot] cyc-lamen; Cyclamen persicum
兔翻花 <dial> romping; skipping; hopping
兔化法 [Biochem] lapinization