虎年话说汉英词典中的“虎”
作者: 肖福寿虎,又称“山君”,自古以来就有“万兽之王”之美誉,是中华文化不可或缺的元素。《说文解字》曰:“虎,山兽之君也”;《风俗通义·祀典》云:“虎者,阳物,百兽之长也,能执搏挫锐,噬食鬼魅。”《周易·乾卦文》也有“云从龙,风从虎”的说法,虎与龙并称,可见虎之地位。
中华虎文化源远流长,始于原始社会旧石器时代的虎图腾,传说黄帝就曾率领以虎图腾崇拜为主的部落盟军打败了炎帝。事实上,虎的形象与称谓已经渗透到中华语言、文学、雕塑、绘画、神话、传说、戏曲、民俗等众多领域。比如说,文学名著《水浒传》有武松打虎的经典片段;民间童话中有《老虎学艺》的故事;唐代诗人王建在《寄汴州令狐相公》中有“三军江口拥双旌,虎帐长开自教兵”的诗句;《古今图书集成·禽虫典》中记载有诸如“戏猫”“委虎”“尤耳”“驺吾”“开明虎”“穷奇虎”“离离”等各种老虎,京剧《智取威虎山》中有名段《打虎上山》;古代文学中以青龙、白虎、朱雀、玄武来象征东、西、南、北四个方位;百姓用虎画、虎脸来祈福辟邪。可以说,虎在中华文化中无所不在。
2022年是中国农历壬寅年,即民间生肖纪年的虎年。在虎年来临之际,让我们重新检阅一下汉英词典中一些与虎相关的表达法,聊作一种新年之乐吧。
本文的语料主要选自陆谷孙教授主编的《中华汉英大词典》,均为该词典的编纂者自以为迻译尚有特点的与虎有关的表达法,其目的在于与广大读者共享,并敦请广大读者质疑与指谬。
一、二字表达法
1.1 虎变 <lit> ①colourful (of tiger skin) ②<fig> to innovate and make great changes ③<fig> to act unexpectedly (of extraordinary person): 大贤~愚不测 unbeknownst to the common run, the great would pull off something spectacular
1.2 虎伥 <lit> ①tiger’s helper [from the legend that the ghost of a person devour-ed by a tiger helped the tiger to devour other human beings] ②<fig> jackal; pawn see 为虎作伥 /wèi - zuò -/
1.3 虎螭 <lit> ①tiger and dragon ②<fig> brave and mighty
1.4 虎队 <fig> brave or gallant army
1.5 虎夫 valiant fighter
1.6 虎虎 ①tigerish; mighty; powerful; forceful; vigorous: 打起拳来~生风 brandish one’s fist in boxing as if kicking up gusts of wind ②whoosh; swish: 北风~的在发威 the north wind is roaring ferociously
1.7 虎喙 <lit> ①tiger’s mouth ②<fig> dangerous situation
1.8 虎将 brave (and mighty) general
1.9 虎劲 <colloq> ①drive and daring; dash: 有一股子~ be like a hot shot ②(to do sth) vigorously
1.10 虎舅 <lit> cat [another name for 猫 /māo/ ]
1.11 虎吏 merciless official (as ferocious as a tiger)
1.12 虎脸 <dial> to put on a fierce look; to pull a long face
1.13 虎貔 <fig> <lit> valiant fighter
1.14 虎女 <laud> outstanding girl
1.15 虎士 <lit> valiant soldier
1.16 虎子 ①tiger cub ②<fig> vigorous child
二、三字表达法
2.1 打死虎 <idiom> (to beat a dead tiger) to attack or finish off sb powerless
2.2 虎彪彪 intrepid; truculent: ~的武士们 strapping warriors
2.3 虎而冠 <idiom> (tiger wearing a human hat) cruel and ferocious at heart not-withstanding one’s human get-up
2.4 虎负嵎 <idiom> (like a tiger taking refuge in a corner of a hill) to fight back with one’s back to the wall; to put up a desperate resistance
2.5 虎啃虎 <dial> (tiger gnawing at a tiger) to meet the tough head-on with toughness
2.6 虎剌孩 ①thief [from Mongolian] ②<vern> mean fellow; bastard; scoundrel
2.7 虎辣人 <colloq> spitfire; peppery person; short-tempered person
2.8 虎狼窝 <idiom> extremely dangerous place
2.9 虎狼心 greedy and cruel heart
2.10 虎列拉 <old> <tl> cholera see 霍乱 /huò luàn/
2.11 虎生生 <colloq> spirited; vigorous; dashing: ~的大眼睛 radiant big eyes
2.12 虎式子 rude and violent attitude
2.13 虎字头 the radical 虎 [as in 虎, 虚 /xū/, etc.]
2.14 捋虎须 <idiom> (to stroke a tiger’s whiskers) to take great risks
2.15 笑面虎 <idiom> (smiling tiger) person with a kindly face but a cruel heart; wolf in sheep’s clothing
三、四字表达法
3.1 藏龙卧虎 <idiom> (hidden dragons and crouching tigers) talented people who remain obscure to the undiscerning eye; undiscovered talent
3.2 虎背熊腰 <idiom> (with back of a tiger and waist of a bear) of blocky build; stalwart; sturdy; as strong as an English oak
3.3 虎步龙骧 <idiom> (to walk like a dragon and pace like a tiger) to walk in martial gait see 龙骧虎步
3.4 虎斗龙争 <idiom> (the tiger struggles and the dragon fights) fierce battle between formidable foes see 龙争虎斗
3.5 虎踞龙盘 <idiom> (crouching like a tiger and coiled like a dragon) forbid-ding; difficult of access (of a city, etc.): ~今胜昔 the once inaccessible city out-shines its ancient glories
3.6 虎口拔牙 <idiom> (to pull a tooth from a tiger’s mouth) to do sth extremely dangerous; to dare the greatest danger; to beard the lion in his den: 你这么做无异于~ what you are doing is but picking up nickels in front of steamrollers
3.7 虎口余生 <idiom> (to escape from a tiger’s den) to have a narrow escape from death; to survive a close call; to experience a near shave
3.8 虎里虎气 <colloq> spirited; vigorous; tigerish: ~的小伙子 a strong and sanguine young man
3.9 虎皮羊质 <idiom> (a sheep in tiger’s skin) outwardly strong, but inwardly weak; fierce of mien but faint of heart
3.10虎入羊群 <idiom> (a tiger running into a flock of sheep) wanton slaughter of the weak by the strong
3.11 虎声虎气 <colloq> loud and commanding; rude; impolite; unmannerly
3.12 虎视眈眈 <idiom> (to glare like a tiger eyeing its prey) to stare at sth ma-liciously and covetously; to eye sth covetously and menacingly