《论语》中的“教”与“诲”及其英译

摘 要：本文重点讨论了《论语》中“教”与“诲”二字的区别及其在英译时的不同处理，旨在厘清这两个不同的概念，以免在对外宣传或翻译中出现偏差。

关键词：《论语》；“教”；“诲”；《论语》翻译

孔子通常被国人奉为“成功教师”。有教育专家认为，中国从古到今，真正成功的“为师者”只有孔子一人而已。孔子之所以能成为大家口中最成功的教育家，除了“学而不厌”的治学精神和“诲人不倦”的教育精神外，更重要的是他对弟子精心细致的培养、全心全意的关爱、诚心诚意的指导。孔子的这些精神和行为，当今仍然值得为师者学习和效仿。

我平时注意收集和阅读有关《论语》的书籍，但只是走马观花，读得并不深入。这次有机会读到美国学者金安平译注、香港城市大学鄢秀博士翻译的《论语英译及评注》及上海外国语大学教授史志康老师的《论语翻译与阐释》两书，激起了我重读《论语》及其英译本的兴致。我主要读了赵纪彬先生的《论语新探》及香港中文大学中国文化研究所刘殿爵先生的《论语》英译本。本文则是一篇关于《论语》中的“教”与“诲”两字的解释和英译的札记。

赵纪彬先生的《论语新探》，原名为《古代儒家哲学的批判》，出版于1948年，后来又出过三个新版（1958年、1962年、1976年）。最后一版是“文革版”，我手头就是这一版。李零先生（2007）在《丧家狗：我读〈论语〉》一书中对此书的评价是：“文革版”当然有时代的烙印，很多人以政治原因弃而不读，但其研究水平实远高于时下的流行新作，很多细节的考证至今仍有参考价值。

据赵纪彬先生（1976）考释，今日所谓“教育”，在《论语》中不名“教”而名“诲”，其中“教”与今日所谓“教育”，字面虽同，但实质大有区别，不能混同，《论语》也从未混用。兹将言“诲”、言“教”各章分组录释如下。英文译文分别采用了刘殿爵、Arthur Waley、辜鸿铭和金安平四位先生的译本，我根据赵纪彬先生的考释对译文略作评价，供读者参考。

言“诲”组

1.《为政》：由，诲女知之乎？知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。

The Master said， “You， shall I tell you what it is to know. To say you know when you know， and to say you do not when you do not， that is knowledge.”（刘殿爵译）

The Master said， “Yu， shall I teach you what knowledge is？ When you know a thing， to recognize that you know it， and when you do not know a thing， to recognize that you do not know it. That is knowledge.”（Arthur Waley译）

Confucius said to a disciple，“Shall I teach you what is understanding？ To know what it is that you know， and to know what it is that you do not know， —that is understanding. ”（辜鸿铭译）

The Master said， “You， do you know what I have been trying to teach you？ To say that you know something when you know it and to say that you do not know something when you do not know it— that is true knowing.”（金安平译）

上述英译中里，除了刘殿爵先生把“诲”字译为tell外，其他人都译为teach，对“诲”字的理解和翻译都没有问题。

2.《述而》：默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉？

The Master said， “Quietly to store up knowledge in my mind， to learn without flagging， to teach without growing weary. For me there is nothing to these things.”（刘殿爵译）

The Master said， “I have listened in silence and noted what was said， I have never grown tired of learning nor wearied of teaching others what I have learnt. These at least are merits which I can confidently claim.”（Arthur Waley译）

Confucius then went on to say，“To meditate in silence； patiently to acquire knowledge； and to be indefatigable in teaching it to others； which one of these things can I say that I have done？”（辜鸿铭译）

The Master said， “To retain knowledge quietly in my mind， to learn without ever feeling sated， not to weary of teaching—these things are not a problem for me.”（金安平译）

3.《述而》：若圣与仁，则吾岂敢？抑为之不厌，诲人不倦，则可谓云尔已矣。

The Master said， “How dare I claim to be a sage or a benevolent man？ Perhaps it might be said of me that I can keep at it without getting tired and go on teaching without growing weary.”（刘殿爵译）

The Master said， “As to being a Divine Sage or even a Good Man， far be it from me to make any such claim. As for unwearying effort to learn and unflagging patience in teaching others， those are merits that I do not hesitate to claim. ”（Arthur Waley译）

Confucius then went on to say，“And as for the character of a holy， sainted man or even a moral character，—how should I dare to pretend to that. That I spare no pains in striving after it and am indefatigable in teaching others to strive for it. —that， perhaps， may be said of me. ”（辜鸿铭译）

The Master said， “I dare not call myself a sage or a humane man. What could be said of me is that I work toward it without ever feeling sated and I am never tired of teaching.”（金安平译）

4.《述而》：自行束脩以上，吾未尝无诲焉。

The Master said，“I have never denied instruction to anyone who， of his own accord， has given me so much as a bundle of dried meat as a present.”（刘殿爵译）

The Master said，“From the very poorest upwards—beginning even with the man who could bring no better present than a bundle of dried flesh—none has ever come to me without receiving instruction.”（Arthur Waley译）

Confucius remarked，“In teaching men， I make no difference between the rich and the poor. I have taught men who could just afford to bring me the barest presentation gift in the same way as I taught others.”（辜鸿铭译）

The Master said， “I have never refused to teach anyone who， on his own， has bought me a bundle of dried meat on his first visit.”（金安平译）

5.《宪问》：爱之，能勿劳乎？忠焉，能勿诲乎？

The Master said， “Can you love anyone without making him work hard？ Can you do your best for anyone without educating him？”（刘殿爵译）

The Master said， “How can he be said truly to love， who exacts no effort from the objects of his love？ How can he be said to be truly loyal， who refrains from admonishing the object of his loyalty？”（Arthur Waley译）

Confucius remarked， “Where there is affection， exertion is made easy； where there is disinterestedness， instruction will not be neglected.”（辜鸿铭译）

The Master said， “When you love someone， how can you not encourage him to work hard？ When you want to do your best for someone， how can you not try to instruct him to do the right thing？”（金安平译）