现象说明类说明文读写指南

文体导读

现象说明类说明文主要用于介绍一种社会或自然现象。典型的现象说明类说明文通常会先描述现象，然后分析造成该现象的原因，进而介绍该现象带来的影响，最后作者发表观点，对该现象进行反思，并提出解决问题的方法和建议。但部分现象说明类说明文只分析现象的成因，并未介绍该现象造成的影响，而有些现象说明类说明文则着重介绍现象造成的影响。

策略导航

（1）巧用彩色笔细品文章。借助彩色笔对文本的不同部分进行标注。用黄色笔标注对现象的介绍，用绿色笔标注现象的成因，用紫色笔标注现象的影响，用橙色笔标注解决方案和建议，然后根据标注情况，进行仿写。

（2）利用“PAS 原则”搭建文本框架，搭建读写支架。“PAS 原则”即Present thephenomenon—Analyse the phenomenon—Solve the problem。这一原则完整地概括了呈现现象、分析现象、解决问题的整体思维过程。但部分现象说明类说明文通常不会直接给出解决问题的方案，读者需要通过批判性、创新性思考才能得到解决方案。在阅读现象说明类说明文时，我们可以利用“PAS原则”，以辅助我们厘清文章结构和梳理基本信息，抓住文章段落的主旨大意。

素材导背

mental health 心理健康

physical health身体健康

symptom 症状

optimistic 乐观的

pessimistic 悲观的

exhausted 疲惫不堪的

depression 抑郁；沮丧

depressive 患抑郁症的；抑郁的

anxiety 焦虑

anxious 焦虑的

fake smile 假笑

forced smile 强颜欢笑

struggle with 挣扎着

sb is burned out = sb is exhausted 某人感

到筋疲力尽

a sense of loneliness and helplessness 孤独

感和无助感

when it comes to... 当涉及……

there was a great/slight increase/rise in...

在……方面有很大的/轻微的增长/上升

sth is increasingly popular/serious 某事物

日趋流行/严重

Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.

也许原因可以列举如下。

the reason why sth...is that... 某事的原因

是……

sth is very important = sth is of great

importance/significance 某事很重要

It is high time that sth should be done. 该做

某事的时候到了。

think highly of 重视

take sth into serious account/consideration

认真考虑某事

there is no doubt that attention must be

paid... 毋庸置疑要关注……

take a series of effective measures to cope

with the situation 采取一系列有效措施应

对这种情况

For one thing， ... For another thing， ... 其

一……，其二……

lead to 导致

as a result 结果是……

turn to sb for help 向某人寻求帮助

meditation 冥想

workout 锻炼

案例导练

A dangerous， common form of depression not talked about enough

It is well known that depression is characterizedby visible outbursts： crying a lot， feeling sad andlosing interest in what was once pleasure activity.However， another term “smiling depression”—appearing happy to others while actually sufferingdepressive symptoms has been around for some time.

It can be hard to spot people suffering smiling depression because they may seem likethey dont have a reason to be sad—they have a decent job and a wonderful family. Theysmile when you greet them and can carry pleasant conversations. In short， they tend to puton a mask to the outside world while leading seemingly normal and active lives. When itcomes to the inside， however， they often have intense feelings of worthlessness andhelplessness， sometimes even having thoughts of ending it all.

Smiling depression partly stems from people who are often reluctant to seek helpbecause of the stigma（耻辱）against mental illness. They feel ashamed of seeing apsychologist. They quietly hold their stress and sadness within， which undoubtedly createsa form of emotional paralysis（瘫痪）that keeps them stuck in unhappy situations.

Some negative consequences include overeating， feeling a sense of heaviness in thearms and legs， etc. People suffering smiling depression are often seized by anxiety， dread，or simmering sadness， which in the long run increases the risk of heart disease， strokes anddementia. They are more likely to feel depressed in the evening and feel the need to sleeplonger. With common forms of depression， however， peoples mood might be worse in themorning and they might feel the need for less sleep than usual.

So how can they break this circle？ Much attention should be paid to cope with it. Astarting point is to admit this condition. Only when they stop ignoring their problems canthey start making an actual difference. Then they can find purposes by taking the attention away from themselves and placing it onto something else. Feeling that their lives matter isfinally what gives them purposes and meaning—and this can make a significant differenceto their mental health and well‑being. Furthermore， they should turn to family members，friends and even psychologists for help.

Our quiet stress is harmful to our mental health. Expressing our true feeling is farhealthier than smiling sweetly while we are feeling quietly stressed.

一、阅读自测

1. Compare common depression and smiling depression.

2. What do we know about people suffering smiling depression？

A. They are wearing masks all day.

B. They are difficult to get along with.

C. They lead an abnormal life actually.

D. They lost their temper easily.

3. Compared with smiling depression， people suffering common forms of depression .

A. may feel sleepless

B. feel more depressed in the evening

C. are tired of heaviness in the arms

D. may eat more food

4. What can we do to overcome smiling depression？

A. Never talk about smiling depression and ignore its existence.

B. Admit the condition and pay attention to ourselves.

C. Value the importance of our life and enjoy it.

D. Get used to it and let it go.

二、语言汲取

（一）现象说明类说明文的核心表达

1. 介绍、呈现现象