科技成果类说明文读写指南
作者: 巴灵芝
文体导读
科技成果类说明文是以介绍某一科技成果为主题的文章。此类文章常围绕某一科技产品的研发背景、研发过程、成果应用等方面进行介绍。在表达方式上,此类文章以说明、描写为主,以叙述、议论等表达方式为辅。
策略导航
1.彩绘基本要素。借助彩笔对文本中的基本要素进行标记。例如,用红色笔标注what,用黄色笔标注who,用蓝色笔标注why,用绿色笔标注how。通过标注绘出主干信息彩图,这有助于既快又准地把握说明对象的基本信息,使说明对象快速在脑海中 “成像”。
2. 利用 “WPFAE” 模式使文本框架直观化,为写作提供仿写提纲。 “WPFAE” 是科技成果类说明文的基本要素。其中W指的是what、who、why;P为process;F为function;A为application;E为evaluation。
素材导背
science fair 科技展
innovation 创新
hard⁃working 工作努力的
independently 独立自主地
teamwork 团队合作
cooperative 配合的;合作的
ambitious 志向远大的
commitment 投入
creativity 创造力
knowledgeable 博学的;有丰富知识的
adventurous 爱冒险的;大胆开拓的
inspire 鼓励;赋予灵感
pay off 付清;取得成功
spare no effort 不遗余力
a sense of achievement 成就感
persistent 执着的;坚持不懈的
live up to one's expectations 不辜负某人的期望
be keen on 热衷于;渴望
passionate 酷爱的;热爱的
take charge of 接管;负责
take the lead 处于领先地位
courageous 勇敢的
challenging 具有挑战性的
rewarding 有益的
realize one's dream 实现某人的梦想
fulfil one's potential 发挥某人的潜力
exchange ideas 交换思想;交流看法
supportive 支持的;提供帮助的
cheerful 高兴的;快乐的
impressive 令人敬佩的;令人难忘的
striking 引人注目的;显著的
be recognized as 被公认为
案例导练
An amazing invention
Sala de Medeiros, an engineer at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues found a way to turn an ordinary sheet of paper into a simple electronic keypad. Many teams around the world are working on paper⁃based electronics. But this new device is the first to power itself and also repel water and dust.
No single moment inspired her paper keypad, Sala de Medeiros said. Instead, she focused on devices other engineers have been working on. Then she asked herself, “What are the gaps? What can I overcome?” High cost was a problem with some flexible electronics. So she decided to work with low⁃cost materials. That would make it easier to eventually turn her idea into something most people could afford. She also recalls wanting something that felt like regular paper, but wouldn't easily get wet or dirty. “It also should fit in your pocket,” she said.
Teflon is a chemical coating that keeps food from sticking to pots and pans. Similar compounds can also make paper waterproof. So she started testing some of these so⁃called perfluorinated (全氟化的) chemicals. Strangely, the one that was supposed to do the best job didn't work at all. When she sprayed paper with it, water still soaked through. What went wrong? After some research, Sala de Medeiros found out that this chemical reacts with air. She had to buy more of the chemical and special equipment that would let her use it without any annoying air getting in the way. Now, the chemical works as planned. After getting sprayed, paper still feels like paper. But water beads up on its surface instead of soaking it through.
The next step was to add an electronic circuit. The team placed a stencil (模板) with the shape of a circuit onto the back of the paper. Then they sprayed several layers of materials on it. Two layers contained tiny nickel particles (镍微粒). These act like wires to carry electricity through the circuit. The final layer was another coating of the Teflon⁃like chemical. Finally, the team flipped the paper over and printed a keypad of numbers on the other side. They also added a tiny Bluetooth chip. This let their paper device talk to a computer. The circuit needs a source of electricity. That comes from the tap of a finger. “When you're typing, we can use the energy,” said Sala de Medeiros.
Ⅰ. 阅读自测
(一)信息提取
(二)能力提升
Detail
1. What inspired Medeiros to invent the paper keypad?
A. Her interest in electronic keypads.
B. Some advice from her colleagues.
C. An unusual moment she experienced.
D. Her desire to improve existing keypads.
Detail
2. How did Medeiros prevent water from soaking through the chemical coating?
A. By keeping the chemical from reacting with air.
B. By removing the chemical from the paper.
C. By stopping spraying water on the paper.
D. By finding an alternative to the chemical.
Inference
3. What can be learned about the new device in the last paragraph?
A. It can't talk to a computer.
B. It doesn't require any batteries.
C. It is not powered by electricity.
D. It is as big as a normal keyboard.
Gist
4. What can be the best title for the text?
A. Ordinary paper is put into new use
B. An engineer creates an electronic keypad
C. Ordinary paper turns into a flexible keypad
D. A paper device is made to talk to a computer
Ⅱ. 语言汲取
(一)科技成果介绍必备词汇
1. 产品介绍
device 设备
keypad 辅助键盘
electronic 电子的
coating 涂层
flexible 灵活的
circuit 电路;线路
power 驱动
repel 驱逐
2. 研发背景
low⁃cost 成本低的;价格便宜的
afford 买得起
focus on 关注;聚焦
eventually 最后;终于
turn...into... 把……变成……
gap 空白;缺口;差距
material 材料
regular 常规的
3. 研发过程
work on 从事
stick to 坚持;粘住
chemical 化学的;化学制品
spray 喷洒
soak 浸泡
react 与……产生反应
get in the way 挡住去路;妨碍
as planned 按照计划
layer 层