“端午节”的英文

作者: 曾泰元

端午节的英文怎么说?当然是 Dragon Boat Festival(龙舟节)。我们的课本这么教,汉英词典这样写,上网搜,百度、有道也都是这个“标准答案”。

我之所以给“标准答案”加个引号,是因为我研究语言多年,知道语言浩瀚如海,难有标准和绝对,地域、阶级、时代、年龄、性别、语境、态度等等,都可能会动摇这个标准,让它不再绝对。

理想和现实是有差距的。对于绝大多数的人而言,包括我自己,只能在相对里找绝对,否则无所依循,就变得寸步难行了。

Dragon Boat Festival这个“标准答案”有问题吗?没有。韦氏、牛津这两大词典家族都有相关收录,大英、维基这两大英文百科也都如此认可。近来也有音译为 Duanwu Festival的声音,不过语料库的证据显示,此译只有Dragon Boat Festival的2%上下,还不成气候。

美国的《韦氏第三版新国际英语大词典》(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged)是当今世上最大的单卷本英语词典,就收录了Dragon Boat Festival,定义如下:

a Chinese festival held just before the summer solstice that has as its chief event a race among long narrow boats resembling dragons.(快到夏至时所过的中国节日,主要活动是以狭长的龙形船竞渡。)

世界最大、最权威的《牛津英语词典》(Oxford English Dictionary,简称OED)收录了来自中文的 dragon boat(龙舟;龙船),定义就用了洋洋洒洒的67个词。另以加注的方式介绍了 dragon boat festival(OED 将其首字母小写),这个说明性的按语居然用了71个词,篇幅比主体的定义更大:

The dragon boat festival, believed to have been celebrated for over 2,000 years, takes place on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month of the Chinese calendar throughout China and in Chinese communities worldwide. It commemorates the death of Qu Yuan (c340–278 b.c.), China’s first known poet, who drowned himself when his home state of Chu was overthrown; the dragon boat races traditionally represent the search for his body.【端午节的时间在农历五月初五,据信已有2000多年的过节史,中国各地和全球的华人社区均过此节。这个节日纪念的是中国首位知名诗人屈原(约前340─约前278)之死,他因故土楚国覆亡而投江自尽。传统上,龙舟竞渡象征的是搜寻他的遗体。】

在 OED 里,dragon boat(龙舟)是主条目(main entry),也就是我们翻查词典时,地位最突出、姿态最醒目、字体黑大粗的单词。OED 把“端午节”的dragon boat festival置于其下,形式上居于次位,重要性略逊一筹,属于副条目(subentry)的级别。话说回来,虽然dragon boat festival是副条目级的收录,但却享有主条目级的待遇,从其定义的字数就可略知一二。

端午节有许多传统习俗,诸如赛龙舟、吃粽子、插艾蒲(艾叶/菖蒲)、佩香囊、饮雄黄酒,其中又以赛龙舟、吃粽子为最主要的活动。在西方看来,这个节日最吸引他们的,恐怕是龙舟(dragon boat),所以英文才会以Dragon Boat Festival(龙舟节)来称呼。龙舟运动也早已是风靡全球多国、有世界杯锦标赛的项目了。

OED 的书证表明,早在1836年(OED 误植为1846年),dragon boat就已见诸文献,出现在第二任香港总督John Francis Davis(汉名“德庇时”)的The Chinese: A General Description of the Empire of China and Its Inhabitants(《中华帝国总论》,或译《中华帝国及其居民概述》):

Accidents frequently occur from the upsetting of the ‘dragon-boats’, as they are called, from their great length.(“龙舟”经常发生倾覆的意外。龙舟因舟身很长而得名。)

根据 OED 的书证,Dragon Boat Festival这个固定词语一直要到1942年才首度出现,出处是英国女传教士Mildred Cable(汉名“盖群英”)和Francesca French(汉名“冯贵石”)合著的The Gobi Desert(《戈壁沙漠》):

The special dish connected with the Dragon-boat Festival however, is made of rice.(端午节的特色菜是米做的。)

OED 有350万条书证,这是唯一有 Dragon Boat Festival 的一条,应是OED文献偏颇、采样滞后的结果,不免让人遗憾。另外,上面龙舟倾覆的书证透露,时间点应在端午节前后。龙舟和端午节彼此相生,既然1836年英国人德庇时已经记录了 dragon boat,怎么就缺“端午节”的英文,直到百年后的1942年才出现Dragon Boat Festival?

端午节,赛龙舟,吃粽子。同样的道理,英国人盖群英在《戈壁沙漠》中对粽子的描述很清楚,可惜独缺临门一脚,没有直接给一个zongzi之类的对译词。

时至今日,粽子在西方世界的能见度还是不高,影响力依旧有限,所以,如果粽子有英译的需要,多半还停留在含糊、间接的表达,比如 rice dumpling(字面“米团”)、sticky rice dumpling(字面“糯米团”)、Chinese tamale(中式墨西哥粽)。相较于 jiaozi(饺子)、baozi(包子,常略作 bao)已收入OED 、成为正式的英文词汇,音译的 zongzi 还有一段路要走。

端午节是中国首个入选世界非遗的节日。Dragon Boat Festival和dragon boat已经获录权威英文词典,接下来我们或可重点营销粽子,让世人认识粽子、爱吃粽子。届时,zongzi成为英文词汇、收进权威词典,也就水到渠成了。

*上海杉达学院英语系教授兼外语学院院长,语料应用与研究中心学科带头人,国家语委汉语辞书研究中心兼职研究员,《中国科技术语》编委,本刊编委。

Dragon Boat Festivals Around the World

The main Dragon Boat Festival celebrations for Japanese people are eating zongzi and drinking calamus wine in order to fend off evil influences. Since the “calamus” and “advocate strength” in the Japanese language are homophonic, the Dragon Boat Festival has gradually become a festival for boys.

In Singapore, there is a special kind of zongzi called flower zongzi, which is made from the light green rice powder dyed by with flower juice. They are wrapped in a multi-angled shape the size of an egg. Around the Dragon Boat Festival every year, Singapore hosts the DBS Marina Regatta, a major dragon boat racing event.

In the UK, many people go to watch dragon boating and enjoy zongzi during Dragon Boat Festival celebrations. The most famous boat race in the UK is the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, which is the oldest inter-university rowing event in the world. The race has been held annually on the Thames in London by the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge Rowing Clubs since 1829.

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