西瓜蔓枯病(Stagonosporopsiscucurbitacearum)产孢及接种方法比较
作者: 白甜 刘璐 黄大跃 程瑞 许文钊 罗德旭 张兴平 孙玉东
摘要 为了明确西瓜蔓枯病(Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum)的最佳产孢方法和最佳接种方法,为西瓜蔓枯病抗病种质资源的筛选与鉴定奠定坚实基础,围绕西瓜蔓枯病的产孢及接种方法展开研究。从蔓枯病分生孢子的产孢时间、产孢量、孢子形态等方面比较2种常见的产孢方法,发现紫外诱导产孢法与黄瓜诱导产孢法相比产孢时间短、产孢量多且稳定、孢子形态正常、成本低,是目前西瓜蔓枯病的最佳产孢方法。分别用离体菌饼接种法、活体孢子悬浮液点接法、活体孢子悬浮液喷雾接种法接种西瓜抗感材料,从操作难易程度、准确性等方面对3种接种方法进行了比较,发现3种接种方法各有优劣。离体菌饼接种法和活体孢子悬浮液点接法接种后,西瓜抗感材料抗感差异明显,而活体孢子悬浮液喷雾接种法接种后有感病材料表现为中抗。通过比较发现,离体菌饼接种法和活体孢子悬浮液点接法较为可靠,但离体菌饼接种法病情分级标准划分不够精细,材料间抗性的微小差别难以体现;活体孢子悬浮液点接法准确性较高,但操作复杂,耗时耗力;活体孢子悬浮液喷雾接种法操作简单,但难以准确控制接种体的量,准确性一般。因此建议大批量材料进行蔓枯病抗性鉴定时可采用活体孢子悬浮液喷雾接种法进行初步筛选,少量材料进行蔓枯病抗性鉴定时可采用活体孢子悬浮液点接法,离体菌饼接种法可作为辅助方法进一步验证接种结果。
关键词 西瓜;蔓枯病;产孢;接种;比较
中图分类号 S436.5 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2024)14-0109-04
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2024.14.024
Comparison of Spore Production and Inoculation Methods of Watermelon Stem Blight
BAI Tian,LIU Lu,HUANG Da-yue et al
(Huaiyin Agricultural Science Research Institute in Xuhuai District,Jiangsu Province, Huai’an,Jiangsu 223001 )
Abstract In order to clarify the optimal spore production and inoculation methods for watermelon stem blight (Stagonosporosis cucurbitaceae),and to lay a solid foundation for the screening and identification of watermelon stem blight resistant germplasm resources,this article focuses on the spore production and inoculation methods of watermelon stem blight.Two common spore production methods were compared from the aspects of spore production time,spore yield,and spore morphology of stem blight.It was found that the UV induced spore production method had shorter spore production time,more stable spore yield,normal spore morphology,and lower cost compared to the cucumber induced spore production method.Currently,it was the best spore production method for watermelon stem blight.Watermelon resistant and susceptible materials were also inoculated with the methods of inoculum cake in vitro,spot inoculation with live spore suspension,and spray inoculation with live spore suspension,respectively.The three inoculation methods were compared in terms of operation difficulty and accuracy,and it was found that each of the three inoculation methods had advantages and disadvantages.The difference of resistance and susceptibility of watermelon resistant and susceptible materials was obvious after inoculating in vitro with cake inoculation and in vivo spore suspension spot inoculation,while the susceptible materials showed moderate resistance after inoculating in vivo spore suspension spray inoculation.Through comparison,it was found that the in vitro bacterial cake inoculation method and the live spore suspension point grafting method were more reliable,but the disease grading standards of the in vitro bacterial cake inoculation method were not precise enough,and the small differences in resistance between materials were difficult to reflect;the live spore suspension point grafting method had high accuracy,but the operation was complex,time-consuming,and labor-intensive;in vivo spore suspension spray inoculation method was simple in operation,but it was difficult to accurately control the amount of inoculum,and the accuracy was general.Therefore,it was suggested that the live spore suspension spray inoculation method could be used for preliminary screening when identifying the resistance of large quantities of materials to Fusarium wilt,and the live spore suspension spot connection method could be used when identifying the resistance of a small number of materials to Fusarium wilt,and the isolated cake inoculation method could be used as an auxiliary method to further verify the inoculation results.
Key words Watermelon;Vine wilt disease;Spore production;Vaccination;Comparison
基金项目 淮安市农业科学研究院科研发展基金项目(HNY202104);国家西甜瓜产业技术体系项目(CARS-25);江苏省种业振兴揭榜挂师项目(JBGS〔2021〕072)。
作者简介 白甜(1996—),女,山西吕梁人,研究实习员,硕士,从事西甜瓜种质创新与抗病育种研究。*通信作者,研究员,从事西甜瓜育种及栽培技术研究。
收稿日期 2023-08-25
西瓜蔓枯病分布范围很广,在亚洲、欧洲、大洋洲、南美洲及非洲等世界各地区均有发生,是一种全球性的真菌病害[1-2]。西瓜整个生育期都会发生蔓枯病,侵染西瓜叶片、茎蔓和果实[3]。西瓜蔓枯病的发病率为15%~25%,严重时为60%~80%,该病害发生会致使西瓜减产15%~30%,大面积流行时可减产80%,对西瓜的产量和品质以及我国的瓜类产业发展造成极大影响[4-5]。防治西瓜蔓枯病最安全有效且经济的方法是培育抗病品种[6-7]。抗病种质资源的筛选与鉴定是抗病育种工作的基础,而抗病种质资源的筛选与鉴定的关键是使用恰当的人工接种方法,因此开展西瓜蔓枯病产孢及接种方法的研究至关重要。
西瓜蔓枯病的产孢和接种较为复杂,笔者对西瓜蔓枯病的2种产孢方法和3种人工接种方法进行了比较,以期找到西瓜蔓枯病的最佳产孢和接种方法,从而省时高效地开展西瓜蔓枯病抗病种质资源的筛选与鉴定工作。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
西瓜蔓枯病DB-20[Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum(syn.Didymella bryoniae)]由江苏省农业科学院馈赠。
蔓枯病抗病材料PI482276是从美国引进的抗性材料;蔓枯病感病材料G48、G38和G22是江苏徐淮地区淮阴农业科学研究所蔬菜中心的稳定自交系材料。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 西瓜蔓枯病产孢方法。
(1)紫外诱导产孢法。挑取蔓枯病菌丝块于含有磷酸二氢氨的马铃薯平板培养基上,于25 ℃黑暗培养7 d,再通过4 d 间歇紫外灯(12 h紫外/12 h黑暗)处理,即可产生大量蔓枯病分生孢子[8-9]。
(2)黄瓜诱导产孢法。将蔓枯病菌接种于PDA固体平板培养基上,置于26~28 ℃培养箱黑暗培养7 d;选取新鲜无伤口且大小尽量一致的黄瓜,用灭菌蒸馏水冲洗干净,再用75%乙醇擦拭表面,晾干;用直径0.7 cm的灭菌打孔器在黄瓜上有间隔的轻轻打孔,用灭菌刀片轻微去除打孔后形成的直径大小为0.7 cm的黄瓜圆形表皮;用直径0.7 cm的灭菌打孔器打蔓枯病菌饼,挑取蔓枯病菌饼置于黄瓜去除表皮的位置,菌丝面朝下且与黄瓜表皮接触;将接种好蔓枯病菌饼的黄瓜放入接种盘中,在接种盘上包好保鲜膜,放入28 ℃培养箱培养7 d即可产生分生孢子;用刀片刮取发病部位,研磨,然后用4层纱布过滤,得到蔓枯病菌的分生孢子悬浮液[10]。
1.2.2 西瓜蔓枯病接种方法。
(1)离体菌饼接种法。在接种盘下层铺满浸湿的吸水纸,剪取西瓜材料的第二片真叶,叶背朝上置于接种盘上层网格架,在叶柄处包裹湿润的脱脂棉保湿;用打孔器沿蔓枯病培养基菌落边缘打菌饼,将菌饼菌丝面朝下置于西瓜叶片背面,用移液枪在菌饼与叶片的接触面加10 μL纯水,用保鲜膜将接种盘包起来,置于25 ℃的黑暗培养箱中,于接种36 h后统计病斑直径。
(2)活体孢子悬浮液点接法。
接种步骤:西瓜材料第三片真叶完全展开后,即可接种蔓枯病菌。接菌前1 d调整生长室温度(25±2) ℃16 h/(18±2) ℃8 h昼夜,湿度(90±10)%。苗浇足水,用保湿罩罩起保证湿度达100%。接菌时挑选长势一致的苗子,接种采用点滴接菌法,用微量移液器在叶片表面点滴10 μL蔓枯病菌孢子悬浮液。接种部位为第1、2、3片真叶,每个叶片滴5滴病菌孢子悬浮液,每个叶片叶柄中间滴1滴,第2片叶腋处滴加1滴,每株共19个接种点。接种完用喷壶均匀喷洒清水保持叶片湿润,并用保湿罩罩住,不要挪动,防治孢子悬浮液滴落。接种后保持24 h黑暗,保湿72 h。中间持续观察西瓜发病情况,感病材料完全发病即可揭开保湿罩,如果发病不明显可以继续保湿至完全发病,但保湿时间不宜超过5 d。保持生长室温度(25±2)℃16 h/(18±2)℃8 h昼夜,湿度(90±20)%。
发病等级标准:0级无症状;1级接菌位置零星可见点状病斑,植株长势健康;3级接菌位置可见点状病斑不扩展,植株长势健康;5级接菌叶片均发病且病斑扩展,病斑面积<1/2接菌面积;7级接菌第2或第3叶片死亡或病斑扩展连片,病斑面积>1/2接菌面积;9级接菌第2和第3叶片死亡或植株死亡。
抗性评价指标:以病情指数为指标进行抗性评估,病情指数(DI)=100×∑(各级病叶数×各级代表值)/(调查总叶数×最高级代表值)。西瓜材料对蔓枯病的抗性等级根据病情指数分为5级,分别为高抗(HR)0<DI≤20;抗病(R)20<DI≤40;中抗(MR)40<DI≤60;感病(S)60<DI≤80;高感(HS)80<DI≤100。
(3)活体孢子悬浮液喷雾接种法。待西瓜长出3~4片真叶时将西瓜蔓枯病孢子悬浮液均匀喷洒到西瓜叶片表面直至孢子悬浮液往下滴落,接种后置于黑暗条件下18~24 h,且相对湿度保持95%以上,7~10 d开始进行病害调查,计算平均病级[11]。
叶片发病等级标准:0级没有肉眼可见症状;1级老叶上边缘坏死或斑点<10 mm,新叶无症状;2级老叶同上,新叶边缘坏死;3级所有叶均有感染,叶坏死面积<25%;4级25%<叶坏死面积≤50%,5级叶坏死面积>50%[11]。