ABSTRACTS

China’s Second Demographic Dividend：Theoretical Exploration and Governance ChoicesPeng Xizhe and  Zhou Xiang（4）

Abstract：As the world’s aged population grows， the traditional demographic dividend is declining. However， the second demographic dividend theory has opened up a new perspective for economic growth in this context. This paper reviews the theory’s conceptual connotations and argues that its applicability to China depends on how it integrates the nation’s unique characteristics， economic development， and pattern of population aging. At its core， China’s second demographic dividend theory posits that the improvement of population quality can partially offset the negative effects caused by the declining size of the labor force. In the context of rapid development and widespread application of science and technology， it is necessary to fully tap the human resources potential of all age groups， especially the older labor force， to reconstruct the society and economic production mode， and ultimately achieve the sustained and stable growth of the national economy. This paper argues that China’s current developmental stage is capable of realizing a second demographic dividend and has the conditions to realistically achieve it. Doing so， however， depends on policymakers correctly understanding the relevant theories of demographic dividends， grasping the long-term dynamics of China's population， and adhering to basic population governance strategies. These strategies include a dual emphasis on the supply- and demand-side. This will provide effective policy guidance to society and the markets which will help achieve sustainable social and economic development under the general trend of population aging.

Keywords： population aging;demographic transition theory;second demographic dividend;economic growth

Health Risks and Resilience Governance in an Aged SocietyLi Shuzhuo， Wang Xiaoxuan and Guo Jin（17）

Abstract：China’s aging population phenomenon is characterized by its significant scale， rapid growth， substantial variations across regions， and remarkable stability. Health issues among the elderly are becoming prominent and spreading to the societal development level， making the health risks of an aging society an urgent and crucial governance issue. Considering the ineffectiveness of traditional governance models， there is a need to introduce resilience governance to respond quickly， proactively and effectively， to risk shocks and challenges. In the context of rapid population aging and the prominence of health problems in the elderly， the core risk of an aging society is related to the many health problems these older adults face. These multidimensional risks result in high uncertainty， loss， and complexity to the sustainable development of the population and society. Therefore， resilience governance should achieve resilience in the elderly. Its guiding principles must emphasize whole-population， whole-life-cycle， dynamic adaptation， and categorized management， through comprehensive process management and collaborative efforts among multiple stakeholders. The aim should be to prevent， mitigate， and resolve the health risks and their consequences. Looking ahead， China must adopt a global and interdisciplinary perspective in governing the health risks associated with its aging society， and thereby contribute its unique experiences to the global discourse on promoting healthy aging.

Keywords：aged society; health risks; resilience governance; longevity dividend; healthy aging

The Pressurized System： A Concept for Depicting and Explaining the Operational Mechanisms of Chinese GovernanceYang Xuedong  and Hu Tianyu（35）

Abstract： The original concept of a “pressurized system” was extracted by indigenous scholars for depicting and explaining the function of Chinese governance. As noted and widely cited by scholars of Chinese politics and governance， its explanatory power stems from its holistic understanding and its vivid depiction of the system’s operations. Rather than a mere metaphorical concept invented by scholars， the concept comes from the practical discourse of local officials in Henan. This article explains its historical origin， evolutionary process， and specific operation. The pressurized system is an institutional choice and part of China's catching-up modernization process. The concept’s nearest comparators are  traditional China’s “Bixian system，” modernization’s “mobilization system，” and East Asia’s “developmental state.” Other original concepts that explain contemporary governance in China also share some of its traits. The process of its formation shows that living academic concepts should be documented by collecting practical facts， activating theoretical dialogue， and transforming practical discourse， particularly in studying politics and governance. China's rich governance experiences and innovations provide fertile soil and sustained impetus for  producing more original concepts.

Keywords： the pressurized system; Chinese government operation; academic concepts; practical discourse

Listing Supervision and the Institutional Innovation of the Chinese Supervision SystemChen Hongcai  and Zhang Zexing（44）

Abstract：The listed supervision system is now being used to deal with increasingly complex safety governance issues. Developed for social security governance and then used for ecological environmental protection， production safety and other fields， the system creatively integrates the supervision mechanism with Chinese characteristics into the complex governance scene. It has achieved remarkable governance results across regulatory fields. As a key facet of Chinese public management， it has been frequently used and studied in recent years. The political pressure， social pressure， and time pressure contained in listing supervision combine to form strong political potential energy. This prompts supervision objects such as local governments and their functional departments to immediately strengthen their political execution， organizational coordination， and social response. It is the signal that central policy objectives must be completed in a relatively short period of time. In this case， it was used to improve the efficiency of safety governance. Despite this record of success， we should adhere to a rational and scientific attitude when objectively evaluating the governance performance of the listed supervision office. On this basis， scholars can clarify the listed supervision system’s effectiveness boundaries， identify the underlying logic of its operation with higher quality research work， and develop countermeasures therefrom to ensure it always plays a positive function.