E. B. 怀特和他的英语句子(一)
作者: 刘士聪E. B. 怀特(E. B. White, 1899—1985),美国散文家。《纽约客》杂志前总编威廉·肖恩评价怀特时曾这样说:“E. B. 怀特是一位伟大的文体家。他的文学风格之纯净,在我们的语言中较之任何人都不遑多让。它是独特的,清晰的,自然的,完全美国式的,极美的。他的人长生不老,他的文字超越时空。”(引自任溶溶)
怀特因在文学上的贡献,曾获得多个奖项,其中包括 Gold Medal for Essays and Criticism of American Academy of Arts and Letters、The National Medal for Literature。
1963年,美国总统约翰·肯尼迪提名授予怀特 Presidential Medal of Freedom,这是和平时期美国授予平民的最高荣誉,奖励那些对提高美国生活品质有重要贡献的人(those “who contribute significantly to the quality of American life)。同年12月,林登·约翰逊总统为怀特颁奖时说,他是 an essayist whose concise comment on men and places has revealed to yet another age the vigor of the English sentence。以总统名义奖励作家,特别提到 the English sentence,很不寻常。说怀特的英语展示了 the vigor of the English sentence,也可以说他的英语展示了 the art of the English sentence。读他的文字,能体会英语语言之美、英语语言之魅力。
怀特有一篇著名的散文 Once More to the Lake,文字自然流畅,节奏感强,叙事清雅,内涵丰富。这篇散文收录在同年出版的Essays of E. B. White里,此后出现在他的多个散文集子里,广受读者喜爱。
这篇散文的写作经历了一个漫长的过程。每年秋季开学,英语老师总要给学生出一个作文题目:How I Spent My Summer Vacation。怀特小时候,每年夏天跟着父母去缅因州的 Belgrade Lake 度假。这是一个很大的湖,长十英里,宽五英里。1914年,怀特15岁,便以很高的热情写了一篇作文,描写他在 Belgrade Lake 度假的情景,写了湖区的景色,写了在那里听到的声音和闻到的气息。1936年,怀特已经是美国知名作家,他又回到 Belgrade Lake,并给他的兄弟写了一封很长的信,详细描述了他在那里度假的情形。1941年,怀特带着他的儿子 Joel再次访问 Belgrade Lake,然后写了著名的 Once More to the Lake,文中包括不少1936年给兄弟信中的内容。实际上,这篇散文始于1914年,终于1941年,是在将近30年的时间里完成的。
当他写到和儿子一起钓鱼时,脑海里浮现出小时候和自己的父亲在湖边钓鱼时的情景,仿佛眼前的儿子就是当年的自己,记忆中的“过去”和“现在”在同一个时空里出现,因而感慨道:“There had been no years...”
文章用词简单,句子结构也简单,所描绘的情景清新淡雅,有中国传统国画之美。E. B. White Reader一书的编者说,怀特的语言既新鲜(fresh),又生动(vivid),他的评论既简单(simple),又深刻(profound)。他的语言风格展示了一种独特的境界。
怀特的表达方式与众不同,富有诗意,富有美感。我们从怀特的这篇文章中撷取几个段落,欣赏他的英语句子,体会他的英语之美,以提高我们对英语语言的感悟和鉴赏能力。
例1. We stared silently at the tips of our rods, at the dragonflies that came and went. I lowered the tip of mine into the water, tentatively, pensively dislodging the fly, which darted two feet away, poised, darted two feet back, and came to rest again a little farther up the rod.
这段文字写蜻蜓落在鱼竿上,钓者把鱼竿沉到水里让蜻蜓飞走,而后它又回来落在鱼竿靠上的地方。作者描写蜻蜓这个动作时用的都是简单词、简单句,如“came and went”“darted two feet away, poised, darted two feet back”“came to rest again...”等。用 darted 描写蜻蜓飞来飞去动作之迅速,呈现出一幅活动的画面,这是夏季乡村里常见的景象。
例2. There had been no years between the ducking of this dragonfly and the other one—the one that was part of memory. I looked at the boy, who was silently watching his fly, and it was my hands that held his rod, my eyes watching. I felt dizzy and didn’t know which rod I was at the end of.
(1)“...the other one—the one that was part of memory”,他记忆中的蜻蜓,即他小时钓鱼曾经见过的那只。从这个描述中,我们能体会到一种自然天成的节奏感。
(2)“...it was my hands that held his rod, my eyes watching”,看见儿子手握鱼竿,眼睛盯着鱼漂,作者产生了幻觉,好像是自己的手握着鱼竿,自己的眼睛在盯着鱼漂,作者在儿子身上看见儿时自己跟着父亲一起钓鱼的情景。
(3)“...didn’t know which rod I was at the end of”,此句的意思是,不知自己手握的是哪个鱼竿,是我的还是儿子的呢?
例3. I began to sustain the illusion that he was I, and therefore, by simple transportation, that I was my father. This sensation persisted, kept cropping up all the time we were there.
父亲觉得儿子就是小时的自己,而他就是自己的父亲,所以在例2里他说 I felt dizzy。读这段文字,我们不仅看见父子在湖边同钓的画面,也能感觉到此时父亲的幻觉(illusion)。作者用简单的词句所表达的这种幻觉很微妙。
例4. When we got back for a swim before lunch, the lake was exactly where we had left it, the same number of inches from the dock, and there was only the merest suggestion of a breeze.
这里的 suggestion 是常用词,《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》释义为 a slight amount or sign of sth,并有例句:She looked at me with just a suggestion of a smile. “...the merest suggestion of...”和“just a suggestion of...”,都表示“微微有一点……”。这个 suggestion of 用得好,可以借鉴。
例5. I kept remembering everything, lying in bed in the mornings... when the older boys played their mandolins and the girls sang and we ate doughnut dipped in sugar, and how sweet the music was on the water in the shining night, and what it had felt like to think about girls then.
早晨“我”躺在床上,回忆起那些美好的时刻,在明亮的月光下,男孩子们弹奏曼陀林,女孩子们唱着歌,水上飘着甜蜜悦耳的乐声,此时想起女孩子们是一种什么样的感觉啊。这段抒发浪漫情怀的文字,写得好,很有感染力。
怀特有深厚的语言和美学修养,他所叙述和描写的事物具有美感,他所创造的意境富有诗意。