Famous Works of Art That Were Attacked艺术名品遭难记

Attacks on art have been in the news fairly often. In July 2022， climate activists glued themselves to a copy of The Last Supper believed to have been painted by Leonardo da Vinci’s students and scrawled “no new oil” beneath the image， and in May 2022， the Mona Lisa made the headlines when a museum visitor smeared cake all over the protect-ive glass that guards the famous painting. That incident was just the latest in a series of attacks on the Leonardo da Vinci masterpiece.

破坏艺术品的行为在新闻里屡见不鲜。2022年7月，几名气候活动人士将手粘在《最后的晚餐》摹本（据信由莱奥纳多·达·芬奇的学生临摹而成）上，并在画的下方潦草地喷了一句“不要再开采石油”。同年5月，《蒙娜丽莎》再登新闻头条，因为卢浮宫里的某位游客在《蒙娜丽莎》的防护玻璃上涂满了蛋糕。达·芬奇的巨作屡遭破坏，此事件仅是最近一次而已。

But these paintings are far from the only works of art to have suffered vandalism over the years. Here is a chronological look at some of the most infam-ous defacements in the history of art.

多年来，遭蓄意破坏的艺术作品远不止这两幅画。下文按时间顺序历数艺术史上臭名昭著的艺术品污损事件。

1. Portrait of Henry James， John Singer Sargent

1. 约翰·辛格·萨金特《亨利·詹姆斯肖像》

John Singer Sargent and the writer Henry James admired each other’s work. Sargent waived the fee he usually charged when he painted James’s portrait in 1913， a painting that James would subsequently declare a “masterpiece.”

约翰·辛格·萨金特与作家亨利·詹姆斯欣赏彼此的作品。1913年，萨金特绘制了詹姆斯的画像。他一改常例，没有收取费用。后来，詹姆斯本人称此画像为“杰作”。

The following year， a suffragette named Mary Aldham （also known as Mary Wood） attacked the portrait with a meat cleaver when it went on display at London’s Royal Academy， leaving three gashes in her wake. She was one of several activists who protested women being denied the right to vote by vandalizing artwork. “I naturally feel very scalped and disfigured， but you will be glad to know that I seem to be pronounced curable，” James wrote of the incident. Fortunately， he was right， and Sargent was able to restore the painting.

第二年，该画像在位于伦敦的英国皇家美术学院展出之际，主张妇女参政人士玛丽·奥尔德姆（亦称玛丽·伍德）用切肉刀破坏画像，留下了三道深深的划痕。当时有数位活动分子不满妇女没有投票权，他们以破坏艺术作品的方式抗议，奥尔德姆就是其中一人。詹姆斯写到此事说：“当然，我感觉自己像是让人剥了头皮，还毁了容，但大家若得知我的伤肯定治得好，应该会高兴。”所幸他说对了，萨金特能够将画像复原。

2. Christ of Saint John of the Cross， Salvador Dalí

2. 萨尔瓦多·达利《十字若望的基督》

In 1952， Tom Honeyman， the direct-or of Glasgow’s art galleries and mu-seums， bought Salvador Dalí’s painting of Christ on the cross to display at the Scottish city’s Kelvingrove Art Gallery. He paid £8200 （that’s around £251，000， or almost $300，000， in 2022）. Today， the painting is a beloved part of the city’s art scene. But at the time of the purchase， it was much more controversial. Some complained the painting was a waste of money， while others had even more extreme reactions.

1952年，苏格兰格拉斯哥美术馆和博物馆馆长汤姆·霍尼曼购买了萨尔瓦多·达利的画《十字若望的基督》，并在格拉斯哥的凯尔温格罗夫美术馆展出。他为购买该画花费了 8200 英镑（大概相当于2022 年的25.1万英镑，约合30万美元）。今天，这幅画是格拉斯哥艺术界的珍品，但在当年购买时却引发了巨大争议。有些人抱怨买这幅画是浪费钱，而另一些人的反应更加极端。

Two members of the public attacked the artwork. The first incident was in 1961， when a 22-year-old went at1 it first with a stone， then with his own hands. Then， in the early 1980s， a man shot it with an air rifle—which fortunately caused no damage， thanks to the layer of protective acrylic glass that had been installed in front of the painting following the earlier attack.

有两位平民发起毁画行动。第一次在1961年，一名22岁的年轻人先是朝画砸石头，后用双手实施破坏。第二次在1980年代初，一男子持气枪朝该画射击，所幸没有造成破坏，因为早先遭到破坏后，画外便加装了一层防护用的丙烯酸玻璃。

3. Pietà， Michelangelo

3. 米开朗基罗《哀悼基督》

One of Michelangelo’s most iconic sculptures， the Pietà， is also the only work the great artist ever signed. Unfortunately， that wasn’t the only noteworthy mark left on the piece. On May 21， 1972， a man named Laszlo Toth managed to briefly evade security guards and launch an attack on the sculpture with a hammer. He caused severe damage to the sculpture while shouting out a message declaring himself to be Jesus Christ. Due to the condition of his mental health， he was not charged， but sent to a mental institution for two years instead.

《哀悼基督》是伟大的艺术家米开朗基罗最著名的，也是他唯一签过名的雕塑。可惜，雕塑上并非只有签名这一个明显标记。1972年5月21日，名叫拉斯洛·托特的男子趁保安人员不注意，举起锤子敲打雕塑。他严重毁坏了雕塑，还大喊大叫，宣称自己是耶稣基督。由于精神状况异常，他没有受到指控，而是被送往精神病院接受了两年的治疗。

4. The Night Watch， Rembrandt

4. 伦勃朗《夜巡》

Like the Mona Lisa， Rembrandt’s The Night Watch has been attacked on multiple occasions， and some of the incidents caused permanent damage. A 1975 attack was particularly severe： A vandal carrying a knife left slash marks on the painting more than two feet long. In 1990 it was targeted again， this time by a man carrying a chemical substance. Less lasting damage was done as by then， the Rijksmuseum （where it’s displayed） had the painting guarded around the clock2 to fend off3 potential vandals.

与《蒙娜丽莎》一样，伦勃朗的《夜巡》也多次遭难，其中几次造成了永久性污损。1975年的破坏尤为严重——毁画者用刀在画上划了两英尺多长的划痕。1990年，该画再次成为攻击目标，这回是一男子用化学物质搞破坏。不过，这回对画造成的损坏没有那么持久，因为荷兰阿姆斯特丹国立博物馆（该画展出地）全天候守卫这幅画，以防止可能发生的破坏活动。

5. Lamentation of Christ， Albrecht Dürer

5. 阿尔布雷希特·丢勒《哀悼基督》

Some works have become the victims of serial art vandals over the years. Hans-Joachim Bohlmann was one such vandal： He attacked a number of works by renowned artists including Rembrandt， Paul Klee， Lucas Cranach the Elder， and Peter Paul Rubens. He was sentenced to five years in jail following this initial series of attacks; after his release， he continued his vandalism， splashing acid on three works by Albrecht Dürer， including the Lamentation of Christ， at a museum in Munich in 1988.