利用英文原著命制阅读理解题:方法与要义
作者: 万红红摘 要:英文原著内涵深刻、语言地道,是考查学生阅读能力的优秀素材。利用英文原著命制阅读理解题时,可以从文本中的关联信息和人物两个角度切入。命题还需要关注以下几点:一是结合原著主题,二是链接教材内容,三是观照学生心理。
关键词:初中英语;阅读理解;英文原著;命题
英文原著内涵深刻、语言地道,是考查学生阅读能力的优秀素材。阅读理解包括对语篇结构的理解和把握,以及对语篇内容的分析、阐释和评价,考查的不仅是学生对语言材料的解读能力,还有在理解信息的基础上,对信息加以识别、区分、归纳的推理判断和分析评价等能力。[1]利用英文原著命制阅读理解题时,需要掌握命制方法,把握命制要义。
一、命制方法
(一)紧扣文本中的关联信息
文本中的关联信息包括时间、情节、事件线索等。在英文原著中,这些信息往往前后有一定的关联性,且表述严谨,经得起推敲。因此,节选英文原著并紧扣其中的关联信息命制推理判断类试题,能够有效考查学生的推理判断能力。
1. 紧扣时间信息
英国学者辛顿对于阅读测试的选材与命题提出过一些比较好的建议,其中就包括利用文段中的时间信息,如年龄、年份等。[2]
《安妮日记》是多篇日记的合集。日记的常见格式是开头注明写日记的星期、日期和年份,这些时间信息往往与日记中的内容有一定的关联性。如安妮于“Friday, 10 September, 1943”写的日记共两段,第一段主要记录了安妮从新闻中获悉“意大利投降了”这一振奋人心的消息,以“As always, the Dutch program was uplifting, but not too optimistic.”结尾,引出第二段,内容如下:
Still we have troubles, too; it’s about Mr.Koophuis. As you know, we are all very fond of him, he is always cheerful and amazingly brave, although he is never well, has a lot of pain, and is not allowed to eat much or do much walking. “When Mr. Koophuis enters, the sun begins to shine,” Mummy said just recently, and she is quite right. Now he has had to go into the hospital for a very unpleasant abdominal operation and will have to stay there for at least four weeks. You really ought to have seen how he said goodbye to us just as usual—he might have simply been going out to do a bit of shopping.
这一段主要介绍了安妮一家人喜爱的Koophuis先生,因为身体疾病不得不立刻住院治疗,至少需要四个星期。笔者依据安妮写日记的日期和Koophuis先生需要住院的时长两个关联性信息,以问题“What is the most probable date that Mr. Koophuis returned from hospital?”考查学生的推算能力。
一般来说,英文原著中如有相关联的时间信息,命题者就可以根据前后时间的关联性设置推理判断类试题。此类试题需要学生对已获取的相关联的时间信息进行区分、辨别、联系、计算后得出结论,从而考查学生对文本的理解程度。
2. 紧扣情节信息
英文原著的情节往往具有生动和连贯的特征。节选英文原著,紧扣其中的细节描写命制推理判断类试题,能够驱动学生超越简单的信息识别与检索,对文本信息进行深层次解读。
《蝴蝶狮》中有一段女主人讲述自己和丈夫Bertie与狮子相处的内容:
I wouldn’t have him inside our bedroom, no matter how often Bertie asked. You know, I have to draw the line somewhere.
On Sundays the three of us would walk around the park together, and Bertie would sit on the top of Wood Hill with his arm around the lion’s neck and I would fly kites. You know, I’ve always loved kites. And the lion liked to break them into pieces.
Wherever Bertie went, he wanted to go too. And if ever Bertie went out in the car, then he’d sit by me in the kitchen, and watch me with those great amber eyes, listening all the while for the sound of Bertie’s car coming up the path to the front of the house.
根据节选内容中的几处细节描写,笔者以问题“What can be inferred from the story?”考查学生的推断能力。从女主人陈述的“I wouldn’t have him inside our bedroom, no matter how often Bertie asked. You know, I have to draw the line somewhere.”这句话可以看出,她认为人与狮子之间应该有界限。女主人的话语透露一个细节:她的丈夫频繁提议让狮子进卧室。接下来的“Bertie would sit on the top of Wood Hill with his arm around the lion’s neck”这句话,描写了男主人Bertie搂着狮子脖子的细节;“the lion liked to break them into pieces.”描写了狮子撕扯女主人喜爱的风筝的细节;还有“listening all the while for the sound of Bertie’s car coming up the path to the front of the house.”描写了狮子时刻听汽车声等待男主人回来的细节。这几处细节描写是男女主人与狮子关系亲疏不同的例证,与女主人在故事开头所陈述的态度紧密关联。学生通过联系前后的细节描写,对比分析信息后,可以推断出男主人更爱狮子的深层含义。
(二)围绕文本中的人物
人物的表情、动作和话语,能够反映出人物的情绪与情感、行为动机、个性品质等。很多英文原著都塑造了有血有肉、生动感人的人物形象[3],其中,人物的身份、心理以及动作等,为命题提供了角度和素材。
1. 围绕人物身份
特雷西指出,言语交际行为从本质上讲是一种话语实践。话语实践与身份具有交互关系,即一个人用来交谈的身份会影响其交际方式;同时,一个人选择的话语实践也会“定型”其相应的身份。[4]因此,节选英文原著并围绕其中的人物身份命题,有助于学生分析其行为动机。
例如,警察调查案件时,会对与案件有关的人进行问讯,问讯的交流将形成会话类语篇,参与会话的人在会话中有语用身份,其话语能够透露出一些与案件相关的信息。下文是节选自英文原著《校园谜案》中警官调查案件的一段会话的开头部分:
“Sit down,” Henderson said, sitting down in an armchair himself and looking at Logan. “What are you here for?”
“I understand you had a party last night.” said Logan.
“Yes,” said Henderson. “Oh! I hope the neighbours haven’t been complaining about the noise again.”
“Not that I know of,” said Logan. “But a young girl, Fran, who came to the party hasn’t been home yet.”
根据警官调查聚会组织者的会话片段,笔者设计了“Why did Logan and Grant go to Henderson’s house?”这一问题,引导学生分析人物的行为动机。学生在阅读时能够分析出Henderson是被问讯的对象,Logan和下文提到的Grant是两位警察,女孩Fran参加Henderson举办的聚会后失踪了,这正是两位警察去询问聚会组织者Henderson的主要原因。
2. 围绕人物心理
大多数英文原著蕴含丰富的意蕴,能启发读者对人性、生活和道德等问题进行深入的思考。[5]为了让人物的形象更丰满、作品的主题更富有感染力,作者往往在描述某个事件后,运用简短却又意味深长的语言传递出人物的心理,引发读者深思。理解这样的故事需要学生具备一定的分析与评判能力。这也为命题提供了适切的角度。
例如,笔者改编英文原著《父亲的话》的节选内容作为阅读测试的素材,部分内容如下:
What does it matter if a father never tells a son what he really thinks of him? But as I stood before Sam, I knew it does matter. My father and I loved each other. However, I always regretted never hearing him put his feelings into words.
“Sam,” I said, “if I could have picked, I would have picked you.” I wasn’t sure he understood what I meant. Sam came towards me and threw his arms around me, saying “thank you”. My eyes misted over (模糊). Then, the moment ended, and Sam left home.
That was seven weeks ago, and now I think about him when I walk along the beach near my home on weekends. Thousands of miles away, Sam might be busy walking in the street of Berlin.