《论语》英译散论六则(上)
作者: 金其斌《论语》代表了儒家文化的思想智慧。要了解中国人的精神世界,离不开《论语》。本文撷取《论语》六则,赏析《论语》英译过程中东西方语言文化的相互交融。
一、斯人也而有斯疾也
语出《论语·雍也篇》。伯牛有疾,子问之,自牖执其手,曰:“亡之,命矣夫!斯人也而有斯疾也!斯人也而有斯疾也!”
刘殿爵的译文为“Why else should such a man be stricken with such a disease?”(《论语(中英文对照)》,刘殿爵英译,中华书局,2008,页91,以下引自该译本的译文不再注释)。why else后,可考虑加入插入语:of all people。
英文中的“of all…”结构往往有强调的意味。《权力的游戏》中“小恶魔”的扮演者彼得·丁克拉格在母校本宁顿学院做毕业演讲,自我调侃道:“Of all the novelists, teachers, playwrights, poets, groundbreaking visual artists and pioneers of science, you got the TV actor.”这一句就可以理解为“那么多优秀的校友(小说家、教师、剧作家、诗人、开创性的视觉艺术家和科技先锋)不请,却偏偏选中一名电视演员来致辞。”芝加哥大学2017年的毕业典礼上,《纽约时报》专栏作家戴维·布鲁克斯在开场白中同样用到of all people,“Then I began wondering why the University of Chicago class is asking me of all people to be a speaker at such a big event.(然后我又想,为什么芝大偏偏请我来这个重要的场合当致辞嘉宾。)”
由此可见,加入of all people,更能让读者感受到孔子对伯牛赍志而殁的悲痛和怜惜、对天妒英才的无奈和哀叹。
美国汉学家、哈佛大学教授贾德纳为人忠厚正直、扶掖后学,曾资助杨联陞赴美一年。后听闻他患上健忘症,杨联陞亦感慨:真令人有斯人而有斯疾之叹!(杨联陞著,《哈佛遗墨(修订本)》,商务印书馆,2016,页55)。
斯人也而有斯疾也,换成决绝一点的说法,大概就是“杀人放火金腰带,修桥补路无尸骸”吧!
二、有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?
语出《论语·学而篇》。子曰:“学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?人不知,而不愠,不亦君子乎?”
刘殿爵的译本为“Is it not a joy to have like-minded friends come from afar?”译文中的a joy,让人想到济慈叙事长诗《恩底弥昂》(Endymion)开篇的千古绝唱:
A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:
Its loveliness increases; it will never
Pass into nothingness; but still will keep
A bower quiet for us, and a sleep
Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing.
(John Barnard, ed., The Complete Poems of John Keats, Penguin Books, 1988, p.107)
由此看来,刘殿爵的译法要比简单追求押韵的“How happy we are, to meet friends from afar!”更有文化内涵和人文底蕴。
济慈这句意味深远、洗练隽永的短句流传甚广。
翻译家李文俊喜欢到潘家园淘旧书和小骨董。一册《平山郁夫画文集》,一只白砂扁腹壶,一个磁州窖小罐,一把当代名家烧制的紫砂壶,都能让这位译界巨擘感叹,“美的物件是永恒的愉悦。这是英国诗人约翰·济慈说的,原文是:‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever.’”。(李文俊著,《有人喊encore,我便心满意足》,四川文艺出版社,2019,页226)
李文俊对这句名言青睐有加。上学时,(上海)拉都路往北的东正教教堂,以及国泰电影院往北到兰心大戏院一段的商业街都让他流连忘返。他回忆道:“在街道整洁、环境优雅、建筑精致的地方长大,对于一个小孩的心灵与艺术趣味的发展,无疑是会有积极的作用的。济慈的诗里说‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’,我深深相信这一点。”(李文俊著,《尘缘未了》,海天出版社,2018,页90—91)
济慈的名句对翻译家李文俊的影响可谓深矣!有朋自远方来,不亦说乎!有一句终身受益的箴言隽语相伴,不亦说乎!
三、有教无类
语出《论语·卫灵公篇》。子曰:“有教无类。”
这句话,富有时代感的译法可以是:“Educations should be accessible to all, rich or poor.”或“Education is a right, not a privilege.”一类,译文中的accessible和right颇有政治正确的意味。
张其春将理雅各(There being instruction, there will be no distinction of classes.)和苏慧廉(In teaching there should be no class distinctions.)的译文简化为:“Instruction knows no class distinction.”。(张其春著,《翻译之艺术》,外语教学与研究出版社,2015,页157)
“knows no…”句型的使用,让人眼前一亮。该结构简洁明了,搭配灵活,在翻译成语、外宣文案时经常用到。笔者平时收集到一些,附录于此,以飨读者。
创意无极限: Creativity knows no bounds.
科学无国界: Science knows no country. (原句为:Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world.)这句话的英文有不同表述。1965年,《科学》杂志发表了美国科学促进会蒙特利尔会议名誉主席怀尔德·彭菲尔德的文章《科学无国界》,英文为“Science knows no boundaries.”。2020年6月《自然》子刊的评论文章题为No Borders in Science。
苍蝇老虎一起打:Fighting corruption knows no bounds. /The fight against corruption knows no bounds.
得陇望蜀/欲壑难填/人心不足蛇吞象:Avarice/Greed knows no bounds.
大爱无疆/爱无国界:Love knows no borders. (比较美剧《摩登家庭》第一季第一集里出现的“love knows no race, creed or gender”,爱不分种族、信仰,不分性别。)
佛法无边:Power of the Buddha knows no limit.
夕阳无限好,只是近黄昏:The sunny beauty knows no bounds before it fades to be fainter, paler, and dimmer.(张智中译,参见冯全功:《中国古典诗词翻译中的互文重构——兼评张智中的〈英文阅读与古诗英译〉》,《外国语文研究》,2025年第1期,页50)
厚颜无耻(无底线):One’s shamelessness knows no bounds.
岁月无情:Age knows no mercy.
学无止境: Knowledge knows no bounds. 香港艺术馆2023年7月开始展出的“情投艺合——静观楼藏谢稚柳、陈佩秋作品选”展览中,一幅展板上引用了陈佩秋生前接受采访的一段话,“前人说‘学无止境’。到老来,我更体会到这是经典之言。”“学无止境”所附译文即“Knowledge knows no bounds.”。
教育应该跨越界限,好的译文同样应该不受条条框框的约束:“Good translation knows no rules.”。
(作者单位:深圳职业技术大学)
Interesting Grammar Rules
The Oxford comma
Oxford comma, sometimes known as the serial comma, is a punctuation mark used before the conjunction (typically “and”, “or”) in a list of three or more items. For example, “I like apples, bananas, and oranges.” This rule is optional for some writing styles, although it can help to avoid confusion and improve clarity.
The singular “they”
When a person’s gender is unknown or unimportant, the single pronoun “they” is used to refer to that person. For example, “someone left their books on the table.” The rule is gaining popularity because it encourages diversity in language usage. Also, you can use it to mention a friend whose gender you don’t want to reveal to the person you are talking to.
Ending sentence with a preposition
It was widely believed that ending a statement with a preposition, such as “to,” “for,” or “with,” was grammatically incorrect. The rule, however, has become more flexible through time and is now universally accepted in modern English. For example, “What are you waiting for?” Here, the preposition “for” has been placed at the end of the sentence.