洱海流域绿色高值作物筛选研究

作者: 段四喜 娄永明 李光秀 普桂萍 鲁娜 李宏

洱海流域绿色高值作物筛选研究0

摘要 为保护洱海,促进中药材产业的健康发展,在洱海流域采用问卷调查法,将传统作物与药用作物种植模式进行了比较分析,以探讨药用作物是否为洱海流域可行的绿色高值作物。调查研究表明:在农户生产资料选择方面,药用作物种植户对种苗价格的关注度极显著高于传统作物种植户,药用作物种植户环保意识强,注重农药毒性的高低和肥料对环境的影响;就耕种方式而言,药用作物免耕率极显著高于传统作物,少耕率显著高于传统作物,常规翻耕率显著低于传统作物,因此药用作物的种植可更好实现免耕、少耕和优耕;在节水灌溉方面,药用作物种植过程中采用喷滴灌设施的比例较高,生产中无大水漫灌现象;在秸秆产生方面,药用作物秸秆产生量较少,与传统作物相比仅45.00%的药用作物有秸秆产生,同时所产秸秆均被资源化利用;在产投比方面,药用作物种植所需的肥料、农药和劳动力成本仅为传统作物的78.20%、34.26%和54.69%,但产值和经济效益却是传统作物的1.78倍和2.21倍。因此从调查样本来看,在洱海流域种植药用作物同时兼顾了经济效益和环境效益,是可推广种植的绿色高值作物。

关键词 药用作物;传统作物;绿色高值作物

中图分类号 S 567  文献标识码 A  文章编号 0517-6611(2025)04-0187-06

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2025.04.040

开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):

Study on Selection of Green High Value Planting Crops in Erhai Lake Basin

DUAN Si xi1,2, LOU Yong ming2,3, LI Guang xiu2,4 et al

(1.Dali City Agricultural Environment Resources and Agricultural Products Quality Supervision Center, Dali, Yunnan 674100;2.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201;3.Gengma County Local Industry Development Service Center, Linchang, Yunnan 677500;4.Yanjin County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Zhaotong, Yunnan 657500)

Abstract In order to protect Erhai Lake, promote the healthy development of Chinese herbal medicine industry in Dali Prefecture. The traditional planting crops and medicinal crops planting mode were empirically analyzed and compared by questionnaire survey in Erhai Lake Basin, to explore whether medicinal crops was feasible green high value crops in Erhai Lake Basin. The investigation and research showed that in terms of farmers’ choice of production materials, medicinal plant growers more concerned about the price of seeds and seedlings than traditional crop growers. The level of toxicity and the impact of fertilizers on the environment more than those of traditional crop farmers. In terms of farming methods, medicinal crops can better achieve no tillage, less tillage ,optimal tillage, and no tillage rate of medicinal plant farmers was extremely significantly higher than that of traditional crop growers , and the less tillage rate was significantly higher than those of traditional crop growers, but the conventional tillage rate was significantly lower than those of traditional crop growers. In terms of facility configuration, the proportion of drip irrigation facilities for medicinal crops was higher than that of traditional crops. Meanwhile, there was no flood irrigation phenomenon. In terms of straw production, compared with traditional crops, medicinal crops effectively reduced the amount of straw produced, and at the same time, all straws were utilized as resources, and only 45.00% of medicinal crops were produced from straw. In comparison, the fertilizer, pesticide and labor costs required for the cultivation of medicinal crops were only 78.20%, 34.26% and 54.69% of those of traditional crops, but the output value and economic benefits were 1.78 times and 2.21 times that of traditional crops. Therefore, from the perspective of the surveyed sample farmers, the promotion of medicinal crops takes both environmental and economic benefits into accounting the Erhai watershed, which is a green high value model that can be popularized.

Key words Medicinal plants;Traditional crops;Green high value planting crops

基金项目 2020年云南省重大科技计划项目(202002AE090029)。

作者简介 段四喜(1986—),女,云南大理人,助理研究员,硕士,农艺师,从事农业面源污染控制与治理方面的研究。*通信作者,副教授,硕士,从事农业农村经济研究。

收稿日期 2024-02-26

洱海是云南省大理白族自治州的生命源泉,近20年来,由于各种因素的影响,使洱海入湖污染负荷量持续增加,水质下降,生态环境受到破坏1。为改善洱海水质,在政府层面主要通过土地流转集中承包经营,宣传禁种以大蒜为主的高肥水农作物2,推广使用有机肥,提倡种植需肥量较小的传统农作物,如蚕豆、绿肥、油菜和小麦等。在研究层面,多数学者利用田间试验,将研究重点放在水稻3-5、烤烟6-8、油菜3,9和蔬菜8,10等传统作物上,并从不同的微观角度(包括施肥方式3,5、施肥量5-6和轮作模式3,8等)做了大量研究工作。经政府、农户、学者的共同努力,洱海保护治理取得了阶段胜利。但由此带来传统农作物产质量小,经济效益低11-12,农民的种植和配合热情不高等问题。相关研究证实,很多药用作物不仅成本低,还有绿色高值13-15。但在洱海流域,鲜见从宏观层面将传统作物与药用作物等进行比较分析的研究。

药用作物是我国传统文化的瑰宝,几千年来为人民群众的生命健康作出了巨大贡献16。大理州是云南省地道药材的主产地之一,特殊的地理自然环境更是孕育了一大批在省内外及国际上享有盛誉的地道药材17,中药材资源分布面积高达213.3万hm2,约占全州总面积的75%。为使药材达到某些特定疗效,中草药在规范化种植过程中要求肥料以农家肥为主,化肥为辅,同时《中华人民共和国药典》还限定了中草药农药残留标准,因此在洱海流域种植中草药或将在一定程度上削减农业面源污染负荷,并达到保护洱海母亲湖的目的。研究证实,很多药用作物如黄精13、滇重楼14和云木香15等肥料投入量不大,栽培适宜性广,利润高13-15。但近年来,由于大理州政府及农户对中草药栽培和生产不够重视,导致大理州中草药种植的品种、数量和面积逐年下降18,因此保护和持续发展种植中草药资源势在必行。

大量研究表明,农户种植过程中生产资料的选择特征19、耕种方式3、灌溉方式20、秸秆产生21和产投比11,13等与发展绿色农业、加强农业节水及控制农业面源污染有直接关系。鉴于此,笔者从宏观层面,采用问卷调查法,从种植过程中农户对生产资料的选择特征、耕种方式、浇灌方式、秸秆资源化利用和产投比等方面,将洱海流域常见种植的药用作物和传统作物进行比较研究,探讨药用作物是否为洱海流域转型发展的绿色高值作物,以期为保护洱海,增加农户经济效益及促进中药材产业发展提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

洱海流域面积2 565 km2,属亚热带高原季风气候,干湿季明显,年均温度 15.1 ℃,年降水量为1 048 mm,为典型的山地丘陵地区,平均海拔2 060 m。流域内主要的土地利用类型为林草地,占流域面积的68.90%,其次为耕地25.63%,而建设用地只有0.44%。流域总人口约95万,调查乡镇包括洱海流域内所有16个乡镇22-23

1.2 研究方法

1.2.1 数据来源。

针对洱海流域传统农作物和药用作物种植农户、生产经营主体和公司等,进行一对一随机性问卷调查,调查内容包括农户生产资料选择特征(种苗、农药、化肥)、生产方式(灌溉和耕作方式)、种植投入(种苗、农药、化肥、劳动力成本)、市场价格和产质量等,具体调查作物和问卷收集情况见表1。调查时间是2021年4、5月,发放问卷232份,回收232份,经整理有效问卷共212份,其中传统作物和药用作物有效问卷均为106份,合计有效率为91.38%,同时后续有意愿种植药用作物的农户比例为83.63%。

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