广西禾花鲤肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

作者: 杜安凤 李文红 韦玲静 莫飞龙 卢玉典 刘康 叶香尘 张英兰 张盛

广西禾花鲤肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价0

摘要 以广西桂林3个禾花鲤群体((LG、QZ1和QZ2))为研究对象,对其肌肉营养成分(基本营养成分、部分矿物质元素、氨基酸、脂肪酸)进行分析,并采取氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)对肌肉氨基酸进行评价,以期为保护和开发利用广西禾花鲤种质资源提供数据依据。结果显示:3组鱼肉粗蛋白含量丰富(17.26%~18.94%);LG组的粗蛋白含量显著高于QZ1组和QZ2组(P<0.05),但其总糖和粗脂肪含量均显著低于QZ1组和QZ2组(P<0.05)。3组鱼肉中矿物质含量丰富,P含量最高,其次为Ca和Mg含量,LG组的P和Fe含量显著高于QZ2组(P<0.05)。3组鱼肉中检测出的16种氨基酸中,含量最高的是Glu,其次是Asp和Lys, His和Met含量较低。LG组的TAA、EAA、NEAA、FAA含量均显著高于QZ1组和QZ2组(P<0.05)。3组EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA分别为37.90%~38.57%和72.89%~73.93%,接近理想蛋白质要求,且均以LG组最高。3组鱼肉检测出的脂肪酸种类均多于20种,其中棕榈酸含量最高(22.25%~28.21%),除了C18∶0和C21∶0外,LG组其余饱和脂肪酸含量均高于2个QZ组;QZ1组的PUFA以及EPA+DHA含量均高于LG和QZ2组。以上结果表明禾花鲤肌肉蛋白质含量丰富,必需氨基酸组成比例均接近理想蛋白质要求的40%,多不饱和脂肪酸含量为25.61%~39.94%。3组鱼肉中赖氨酸的ASS和CS评分均最高,可以弥补谷物中赖氨酸的不足,提高食物中蛋白质的利用率。综上分析可知,禾花鲤肉质鲜美,营养丰富且比例均衡。LG组禾花鲤肌肉比2个QZ组更能符合人体高蛋白、低脂肪的营养需求,氨基酸含量更为丰富。2个QZ组禾花鲤肉质更嫩,多不饱和脂肪酸含量更丰富,特别是QZ1组禾花鲤。

关键词 禾花鲤;肌肉;营养成分;氨基酸;脂肪酸;品质评价

中图分类号 S 965  文献标识码 A

文章编号 0517-6611(2024)22-0079-06

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2024.22.015

开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):

Nutritional Component Analysis and Quality Evaluation of Procypris merus in Guangxi

DU An-feng1,LI Wen-hong1,WEI Ling-jing2 et al

(1.College of Animal Science and Technology,Guangxi University/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation,Nanning,Guangxi  530004;2. Aquatic Species Introduction and Breeding Center of Guangxi,Nanning,Guangxi  530031)

Abstract Three groups of Procypris merus(LG,QZ1 and QZ2) in Guilin of Guangxi were selected as the research objects,and their muscle nutrients (the basic nutrients,some mineral elements,amino acids and fatty acids) were analyzed,and the muscle amino acids were evaluated by amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CS),in order to provide data basis for the protection,development and utilization of the germplasm resources of P.merus  in Guangxi. The results  showed that the crude protein content in the fish of the three groups was rich (17.26%-18.94%).The crude protein content in LG  group was significantly higher than that in the two groups of QZ1,QZ2 (P<0.05),but the total sugar content and crude lipid content of P.merus in LG group were significantly lower than that in other two groups (P<0.05).The mineral content was abundant,and P was the highest major element in the 3 groups,followed by Ca and Mg. P and Fe contents in LG group was significantly higher than that in QZ2 group.Among the 16 amino acids detected in the 3 groups of P.merus,Glu content was the highest,followed by Asp and Lys,His and Me contents were the lowest.EAA / TAA and EAA / NEAA ratio in the 3 groups were 37.90% -38.57% and 72.89%-73.93% respectively,which was close to the ideal protein requirements,and the ratio in LG group was the highest.More than 20 kinds of fatty acids were detected in the 3 groups,and the content of palmitic acid were the highest(22.25%-28.21%).The content of all kinds of saturated fatty acids except C18∶0 and C21∶0 in LG group were higher than those in QZ1 and QZ2 groups,but the content of PUFA and EPA + DHA in QZ1 group were higher than LG and QZ2 groups.The above results  indicate that the muscle protein content in P.merus  was rich,the proportion of essential amino acids was close to 40% of the ideal protein requirements,and the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was between 25.61% and 39.94%.ASS and CS scores of lysine in the fish of the three groups were the highest,which could supplement the shortage of lysine in grains and improve the utilization rate of protein in food.In summary,the results showed that the meat was delicious,nutrient-rich and balanced.LG muscle could better meet the human body’s nutritional needs of high protein and low fat than QZ muscle,and the amino acid content was richer.The fish of P.merus in QZ group was more tender and rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids,especially QZ1 group.

Key words P.merus;Muscle;Nutrition component;Amino acids;Fatty acids;Quality evaluation

禾花鲤又称乌鲤、禾花乌鲤,属于温水性小型化食用鱼类,常养殖于全州、临桂、灌阳等广西桂北地区。与普通鲤鱼相比,禾花鲤体型短小,全身呈浅紫色,腹部呈半透明状,因长期养殖于稻田中、采食稻花而得名[1。禾花鲤具有生长快、食性杂、繁殖力和抗病力强等优点,皮薄肉嫩,刺少骨软,早在乾隆盛世就成为宫廷“贡品”2。禾花鲤在广西具有悠久的养殖历史,且具有较好的产业发展前景。此外,随着生活水平的提高,人们对水产品营养价值的关注度也逐渐提高。因此,对禾花鲤的营养价值开展研究对其持续健康发展具有重要意义。

目前已有禾花鲤群体遗传结构[3、生长性状4-6、养殖繁育7、生理生化8-10、养殖模式11-12及病害防治13等方面的研究报道。杨四秀等1认为禾花鲤(稻田养殖)肌肉的含肉率及粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量较普通鲤鱼更高。在短期饥饿条件下,禾花鲤的肌肉质构特性及营养成分含量均会受到影响14;孙文波等15通过比较稻田和池塘养殖禾花鲤的肌肉品质,发现池塘养殖禾花鲤的肌肉营养价值更高,但稻田养殖禾花鲤肌肉更有嚼劲,不饱和脂肪酸含量更高;黄姻等16认为稻田养殖禾花鲤鲜味更高,但土腥味更浓。研究表明,品种、规格、养殖环境及饵料等因素会影响鱼的肌肉营养[17-19。但是,国内外关于禾花鲤肌肉营养品质方面的报道较少,特别是脂肪酸的测定及分析欠缺。笔者通过测定广西禾花鲤的肌肉营养成分,并进行营养价值评价,旨在为保护和开发利用广西禾花鲤种质资源提供数据依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验用鱼来源于广西桂林3个禾花鲤养殖场,健康无病,详细信息见表1。每个养殖场采集30尾活鱼,送至实验室暂养。

1.2 测定指标与方法

1.2.1 样品处理。

试验鱼取样前停喂24 h,采样时将鱼麻醉,取出内脏,去掉头尾,选取背部两侧的整块鱼肉,每组每10尾鱼肉搅碎混为1份样品,3组鱼共9份样品,装入自封袋内,放入-80 ℃冰箱中保存。

1.2.2 基本营养成分测定。

鱼肌肉中水分含量参照GB 5009.3—2016中常压恒温直接干燥法测定,粗蛋白含量参照GB 5009.5—2016中凯氏定氮法测定,粗脂肪含量参照GB 5009.6—2016中索氏抽提法测定,粗灰分含量参照GB 5009.4—2016中常压恒温灼烧法测定。

1.2.3 矿物元素含量测定。

试样经消解后,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定,以元素特定质量数(质荷比,m/z)定性;采用外标法,以待测元素质谱信号与内标元素质谱信号的强度比与待测元素的浓度成正比进行定量分析。

1.2.4 氨基酸和脂肪酸含量测定。氨基酸含量(按湿重计)参照GB 5009.124—2016高效液相色谱法测定,脂肪酸含量(按湿重计)参照GB 22223—2016气相色谱法测定。

1.2.5 氨基酸营养价值评价。

根据联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)1973年建议的氨基酸评分标准模式[20和全鸡蛋蛋白质的氨基酸模式21,分别按以下公式计算氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)和必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)。

AAS=aaAA(FAO/WHO)(1)

CS=aaAA(Egg)(2)

EAAI=n100aae×100bbe×100cce×…×100jje(3)

式中:aa为试验样品中氨基酸含量(mg/g);AA(FAO/WHO)为评分模式中同种氨基酸含量(mg/g);

AA(Egg)为全鸡蛋蛋白质中同种氨基酸含量(mg/g);

a、b、c、…、 j为试验样品蛋白质的必需氨基酸含量(mg/g);ae、be、ce、…、 je为全鸡蛋蛋白质的必需氨基酸含量(mg/g)。

1.3 数据统计与分析

所有数据采用Excel 2021和SPSS 27.0软件进行分析处理,数据均以平均值±标准差表示,P<0.05表示显著差异。

2 结果与分析

2.1 基本营养成分比较

由表2 可知,各组禾花鲤鱼肉的水分和粗灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05),其余营养成分含量均存在显著差异。LG组的肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于QZ1组和QZ2组,但总糖和粗脂肪含量均显著低于QZ1组和QZ2组(P<0.05)。除总糖含量外,QZ2组的粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量均显著高于QZ1组(P<0.05)。QZ2组的粗脂肪含量最高,粗蛋白含量仅次于LG组,具有高脂肪、高蛋白的营养特点;LG组相较于2个QZ组而言,粗蛋白含量最高,粗脂肪含量最低,更符合人体高蛋白、低脂肪的营养需求;QZ1组的总糖含量最高,粗脂肪含量适中。

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