不同配方高碳基有机肥对广西主要烟区烟叶产质量的影响

摘要 ［目的］研究适宜广西烟区的高碳基有机肥配方。［方法］采用不同施肥处理（不施肥、常规施肥、常规施肥配施不同配方高碳基肥）在广西百色、贺州和河池烟区进行大田试验。［结果］在百色烟区，常规施肥+八角高碳基肥料处理有助于烟株生长；能够促进烟草根系的发育，总根长、根体积、根尖数都高于对照；能够改善烤后烟化学成分，提高烤后烟的钾氯比、糖碱比；能够提高烤后烟经济指标，提高上等烟比例、产量、产值；pH在适宜范围之内；能够增加根围土硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷含量，相比于常规施肥增加55.29%、35.98%、43.86%。在贺州烟区，常规施肥+高碳基肥料3号处理有助于上部叶开片，叶长和叶宽相比于常规施肥增加了7和3 cm；促根系发育效果明显，根长和根体积相比于常规施肥分别增加了12.48%和52.53%；烤后烟化学成分更加合理，提高烤后烟含糖量，形成香甜味；B1F和B2F等级烤后烟所占比例达17.29%和35.47%，产值达32 521.35元/hm2。在河池烟区，常规施肥化肥氮减少10%+高碳基肥料7号有助于中上部叶开片，相比于常规处理，株高增加了11.93%，中上部叶的叶长和叶宽分别增加了11.34%、17.48%和11.61%、1270%；促根系发育效果明显，根体积相比于常规施肥增加了18.39%；能够改善烤后烟化学成分，提高烤后烟的钾含量、钾氯比；上等烟比例达46.10%，产值达39 520.95元/hm2。［结论］在百色烟区常规施肥+八角高碳基肥料可以促进烟草生长发育，改善烤后烟化学成分，提高烤后烟经济性状，改善pH及增加速效养分含量，更适宜在百色烟区推广；在贺州烟区常规施肥+高碳基肥料3号可以促进上部叶的开片、根系发育，协调烤后烟化学成分，提高产值产量，更适宜在贺州烟区推广；在河池烟区常规施肥化肥氮减少10%+高碳基肥料7号可以促进上部叶开片、根系发育，协调烤后烟化学成分，提高产值，更适宜在河池烟区推广。

关键词 广西；高碳基肥；烟草；产质量

中图分类号 S572 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2023）22-0168-10

doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2023.22.040

Effects of Different Formulations of High-carbon Based Organic Fertilizer on Tobacco Leaf Yield and Quality in Major Tobacco Areas of Guangxi

SONG  Zhan-feng1， FENG Zhao2， LUO Gang1 et al

Abstract ［Objective］To clarify the formula of high-carbon-based organic fertilizer suitable for tobacco areas in Guangxi. ［Method］Field experiments were carried out in Baise ， Hezhou and Hechi tobacco areas of Guangxi by different fertilization treatments （no fertilization， conventional fertilization， conventional fertilization with different formulas of high-carbon base fertilizer）. ［Result］In Baise tobacco area， conventional fertilization + star anise high-carbon-based fertilizer was helpful for tobacco plant growth. It could promote the development of tobacco roots， and the total root length， root volume and root tip number were higher than those of the control. It could improve the chemical composition of post-roast cigarette and increase the potassium-to-chloride ratio and glyco-alkali ratio of post-roast tobacco;It could improve the economic indicators of post-flue-cured tobacco， increase the proportion of high-grade tobacco， output and output value;The pH was within the appropriate range;it could increase the content of nitrate， ammonium nitrogen and available phosphorus in the root surrounding soil， which could increase by 55.29%， 35.98% and 43.86% compared with conventional fertilization. In Hezhou tobacco area， the fertilization treatment of conventional fertilization + high-carbon based fertilizer No. 3 was helpful for the opening of the upper leaf， and the leaf length and leaf width increased by 7 and 3 cm compared with conventional fertilization. Compared with conventional fertilization， root length and root volume increased by 1248% and 52.53%， respectively. The chemical composition of post-roasted tobacco is more reasonable， which increases the sugar content of post-roasted tobacco and forms a fragrant sweetness;The proportion of post-flue-cured tobacco of B1F and B2F grades reached 17.29% and 35.47%， and the output value reached 32 521.35 Yuan/hm2. In Hechi tobacco area， the fertilization treatment of conventional fertilizer nitrogen reduction by 10% + high-carbon-based fertilizer No. 7 was conducive to the opening of the middle and upper leaves， compared with the conventional treatment， the plant height increased by 11.93%， and the leaf length and leaf width of the middle and upper leaves increased by 11.34%， 17.48%， 11.61% and 12.70%， respectively. The effect of promoting root development was obvious， and the root volume increased by 18.39% compared with conventional fertilization. It could improve the chemical composition of post-flue-cured tobacco， increase the potassium content and potassium-chloride ratio of post-roasted tobacco;The proportion of high-grade tobacco reached 46.10%， and the output value reached 39 520.95 Yuan/hm2. ［Conclusion］Conventional fertilization + star anise， high-carbon based fertilizer in Baise tobacco area could promote the growth and development of tobacco， improve the chemical composition of post-flue-cured tobacco， improve the economic characteristics of post-flue-cured tobacco， improve pH and increase the available nutrient content， and this fertilizer application amount was more suitable for promotion in Baise tobacco area. When fertilization treatment in Hezhou tobacco area was conventional fertilization+high carbon-based fertilizer No. 3， it could promote the opening of upper leaves， root development， coordinate the chemical composition of post-flue-cured tobacco， and improve the output value yield， and this fertilizer application amount is more suitable for promotion in Hezhou tobacco area;Fertilization treatment in Hechi tobacco area could promote the opening of upper leaves， root development， coordinate the chemical composition of post-flue-cured tobacco， and improve the output value when the fertilizer treatment was reduced by 10% + high-carbon-based fertilizer No. 7 in Hechi tobacco area， and this fertilizer application amount was more suitable for promotion in Hechi tobacco area.

Key words Guangxi;High carbon based fertilizer;Tobacco;Production quality

烟草作为我国重要的经济作物，在全国各地均有大面积种植，能够为当地政府增加税收，为当地烟农提高收入。优质烟叶的种植生产极其重要，肥料更是优质烟叶生产的重中之重。近年来，烟草种植上的经验不足同时化肥施入过多，导致我国植烟土壤物理结构遭到破坏、速效养分降低、微生物环境遭到破坏、烟草发育以及产质量均受到不良影响［1-3］，极大程度地影响我国优质烟叶生产的建设进程，影响烟草的可持续发展。因此，通过探究不同配方施肥方式提高植烟土壤质量尤为重要。

高碳基生物有机肥以生物炭和微生物菌剂为主，高碳基生物有机肥利用生物炭的功能能够为土壤微生物提供良好的生存环境，提高微生物量［4］，为土壤提供更多有机质，提高肥料的利用率，为烟株提供更多营养［5］，改善烟叶品质［6］。施用高碳基有机肥能够部分代替化肥，减少化肥的使用以及化肥带来的土壤破坏及环境污染，提高植烟土壤肥力，改善土壤物理结构及速效养分含量，增加微生物群落数量，改善烟叶的化学成分，提高烟草抗性。刘慧等［7］研究表明，常规施肥配施高碳基肥可显著提高烤烟品质，适宜的高碳基肥用量能够促进烟草根系发育，提高土壤微生物群落数量，协调化学成分。张珂等［8］研究表明高碳基肥料可以给植株生长提供充足的氮素和磷素，提高土壤速效养分含量，提高香气物质含量，降低初烤烟叶中氯含量，提高钾含量，提高烟叶的燃烧性。生物炭作为重金属污染土壤修复材料，具有价格低廉、环境友好、效果明显等优势。李鸿博等［9］研究表明生物炭不仅可以治理土壤污染，同时也实现了固废资源化。高碳基生物有机肥的探索对生产优质烟叶、绿色烟叶及烟农增产具有重大意义。

为了探究不同配方高碳基有机肥对烟草生产的影响，笔者分别于广西烟区3个地区进行试验，研究不同配方高碳基有机肥对烟草农艺性状、根系发育、烤后烟化学成分、pH、土壤速效养分、不同等级烟叶占比及经济效益的影响，确定适合广西烟草生长发育的施肥方式，提高广西烟草的经济效益及市场竞争力。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

2019年在广西壮族自治区百色、贺州和河池烟区进行大田试验，4个试验分别设置在隆林各族自治县德峨乡保上村（5个处理）、靖西市新甲乡新荣村（6个处理）、贺州市富川县木朗村（5个处理）、河池市罗城县龙安镇新安村（6个处理）。

1.2 试验设计

（1）隆林各族自治县德峨乡保上村试验。施肥处理为5种：不施肥（CK1）；常规施肥（CK2）；常规施肥+八角高碳基肥料（T1）；常规施肥+滤泥高碳基肥料（T2）；常规施肥+牛粪高碳基肥料（T3）。除CK1外，各处理总氮量与CK2相同，氮磷钾施肥量相同。

（2）靖西市新甲乡新荣村试验。施肥处理为6种：不施肥（CK1）；常规施肥（CK2）；常规施肥+八角高碳基肥料（T1）；常规施肥+滤泥高碳基肥料（T2）；常规施肥+牛粪高碳基肥料（T3）；常规施肥+惠农高碳基肥料（T4）。

（3）贺州市富川县木朗村试验。施肥处理为5种：不施肥（CK0）；常规施肥（CK1）；常规施肥+高碳基肥料1号（T1）；常规施肥+高碳基肥料2号（T2）；常规施肥+高碳基肥料3号（T3）。除CK0外，各处理总氮量与CK1相同，氮磷钾施肥量相同。CK0种6.5行，约0.011 3 hm2；CK1种6行，约0.02 hm2；T1、T2和T3这3个处理各种8行，每个处理约0.016 7 hm2。6月21日开始采收下部叶，7月24日全部采完。

（4）河池市罗城县龙安镇新安村试验。施肥处理为6种：不施肥（CK0）；常规施肥（CK1）；常规施肥化肥氮减少10%+高碳基肥料4号（T1）；常规施肥化肥氮减少10%+高碳基肥料5号（T2）；常规施肥化肥氮减少10%+高碳基肥料6号（T3）；常规施肥化肥氮减少10%+高碳基肥料7号（T4）。

施肥方法：高碳基有机肥条施，750 kg/hm2。

1.3 取样方法

打顶后10 d每处理随机选取10株烟，调查农艺性状（株高、茎围、叶片数、中部叶和上部叶最大叶长、叶宽和叶面积），使用《烟草农艺性状调查测量方法YC/T 142—2010》；旺长期每处理随机选取3株烟，测量茎叶鲜重干重，挖出烟根，测量根系体积、质量、干重，并取根围土100 g，分析土壤理化指标速效磷和铵态氮。统计各处理产量、产值，采烤结束取C3F、B2F和X2F烟叶样品，各个处理各个等级50片完整叶片，分析化学成分。

1.4 数据处理

采用Office 2016整理数据，不同处理间差异采取SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素方差分析，LSD法进行显著性检验（P<0.05）。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同配方高碳基有机肥对烟草农艺性状的影响

百色市2个大田试验打顶后10 d各处理烟株农艺性状见表1和表2。由表1可知，隆林县试验地打顶后株高在85.63～92.87 cm，T1处理株高显著高于其他处理，较CK1和CK2分别高1.74和7.24 cm；打顶后10 d烟株茎围在8.32～8.74 cm，除T1外各处理与对照间无显著差异，T1处理的茎围最大，较常规施肥CK2提高了0.17 cm，差异不显著；打顶后10 d烟株节距在3.55～4.05 cm，配施高碳基肥料的处理整体高于对照组，T1处理最大且与其他处理间存在显著差异；打顶后10 d烟株有效叶片数在19片左右；打顶后10 d烟株最大叶长在68.24～71.09 cm，T1处理的叶长达71.09 cm，长于其他处理，但处理间无显著差异；最大叶宽在26.04～26.81 cm，T1在各处理间最大，为26.63 cm，各处理间无显著差异。