E. B. 怀特和他的英语句子(三)
作者: 刘士聪Will Strunk是一篇纪念文章,纪念作者在康奈尔大学读书时的英语老师小威廉·斯特伦克(William Strunk, Jr.)。下面是文章的开头文字:
例1 Mosquitoes have arrived with the warm nights, and our bedchamber is their theater under the stars. I have been up and down all night, swinging at them with a face towel dampened at one end to give it authority.
留意一下theater(或theatre,英国人拼法)的用法,其本来的意思是“剧场”或“戏剧”之类,这里是指“战场”,我们的卧室便成了蚊子在星光底下的战场;up and down是说作者因蚊子干扰一夜没睡好觉,一会起来一会躺下,很简洁的英语表达方式,可在写作和翻译中学着使用;“... swinging at them with a face towel dampened at one end to give it authority”,半夜起来打蚊子是十分讨厌的事,怀特却将这个句子写得饶有风趣。“... to give it authority”意思是把毛巾的一头沾上水打起蚊子来效果更好。这几个英语表达方式的使用,theater、up and down和authority体现作者的幽默感,结合他的文字功夫,使他的句子生发艺术魅力。
例2 This morning I suffer from the lightheadedness that comes from no sleep—a sort of drunkenness, very good for writing because all sense of responsibility for what the words say is gone.
①“... the lightheadedness that comes from no sleep…”,因为夜里失眠早晨起来头晕。我们做汉英翻译时,遇到不会的词语要查词典。关于“失眠”,词典给了两个词,一是sleeplessness,一是insomnia。怀特没有选择这种比较呆板的大词,而是用了一个动词搭配that comes from no sleep,这个说法活泼,更体现作者的语言特色。怀特总是选择简单生动的说法。
②... very good for writing because all sense of responsibility for what the words say is gone.
因为夜里睡不好觉而失眠,因失眠而头晕,在这种状态下写作有一个好处,对文中所使用的文字不必担责任,说的是for what the words say,而不是for what the author says,这里又体现怀特的幽默感。
例3 ... I must have once owned a copy, for I took English 8 under Professor Strunk in 1919 and the book was required reading, but my copy presumably failed to survive an early purge. I’d not laid eyes on it in thirty-eight years. Am now delighted to study it again and rediscover its rich deposits of gold.
怀特因搬家需要清理旧书,但有一本书他保留下来,是他在康奈尔大学读书时的英语老师小威廉·斯特伦克编写的The Elements of Style。在这段文字里怀特用了两个比喻:①purge有时表示“清洗异己”,有时表示“清除”之义;怀特在这里借用这个词指他曾经的一次清理书籍,在这个上下文里使用这个词增加了句子的趣味;②“... its rich deposits of gold”,丰富的金矿,喻The Elements of Style中有关英语写作方面的丰富内容。
怀特常在文章中自然而又贴切地使用隐喻,读者知其意,但又不觉得他是在特意用喻。英国翻译家赫伯特·翟理斯(Herbert Giles),赞扬中国文学时也用过一个类似比喻:Untold treasures... lie hidden in the rich lodes of Chinese literature.这里的lodes和deposit词义相近,都指埋在地下的矿藏。
例4 “Omit needless words! ” cries the author on page 21, and into that imperative Will Strunk really put his heart and soul. In the days when I was sitting in his class, he omitted so many needless words, and omitted them so forcibly and with such eagerness and obvious relish, that he often seemed in the position of having short-changed himself, a man left with nothing more to say but with time to fill...
威廉·斯特伦克在The Elements of Style的第二部分列出22条Principles of Composition,其中第17条专门讨论Omit needless words。这段文字中的动词short-change我们可能使用得不多,英语词典解释为to treat sb unfairly by not giving them what they have earned or deserve,意思是“亏待”。
这段话是什么意思呢?小威廉·斯特伦克在他的书里特别强调说:“Omit needless words! ”在他的写作课上也省掉了很多不必要的字词。作为教师,他本可以、也应该在课堂上详细讲解教材内容或阐明自己的观点,但他的语言很精练,能不用的词不用,能不说的话不说。从这个意义上说,他是short-changed himself,亏待了自己。鲁迅谈作文时也说过类似的话,“竭力将可有可无的字、句、段删去,毫不可惜”。
有时间可以读一些怀特的散文,学习他体验生活时所展现的敏感,研究他轻巧自然的写作技巧,体会他如何展示英语的句子之美以及他的幽默感等。