“勉强”的翻译

作者: 徐江 郑莉

“勉强”是汉语中经常使用的一个词。商务印书馆出版的《现代汉语词典》(第6版)给“勉强”提供了五个释义:1.【形容词】能力不够,还尽力做(如:这项工作我还能勉强坚持下来);2.【形容词】不是心甘情愿的(如:碍着面子,勉强答应下来了);3.【动词】使人做他自己不愿意做的事(如:他不去算了,不要勉强他了);4.【形容词】牵强,理由不充足(如:这种说法很勉强,怕站不住脚);5.【形容词】将就;凑合(如:这点儿草料勉强够牲口吃一天)。鉴于该词的多义性,要把它翻译成准确的英语可能就未必那么容易。

意思一的翻译:对于表示“能力不够,还尽力做”的“勉强”,很多情况下我们可以用barely manage to来翻译。例如:

(1)我们那辆老旧的丰田车只能勉强慢悠悠地沿着山路爬行。Our old Toyota barely managed to crawl up the hill.

(2)尽管他接受过军事训练,也只能勉强跟上他们。Even with the military training he had received, he barely managed to keep up with them.

有时候我们也可以用after a fashion来翻译。例如:

(3)我勉强会唱这首歌。I could sing this song after a fashion.

意思二的翻译:当“勉强”表示“不是心甘情愿的”之义时,我们通常可以用reluctant、reluctantly、grudging、grudgingly或者with a bad grace等来翻译。例如:

(4)公司勉强同意将他们的工资提高10%。The company reluctantly agreed to raise their wages by 10 percent.

(5)似乎他们的心态变得更加现实,勉强能够将这两个国家当作伙伴接受。It seems that they have a more realistic mindset, with grudging acceptance of these two countries as partners.

(6)他们勉强承认误判了市场,让对手获得了巨大优势。They admitted grudgingly that they misjudged their market, handing a big advantage to their rival.

(7)伊万很勉强地向小女孩道了歉。Ivan apologized to the little girl with a bad grace.

如果“勉强”和“笑”搭配使用,则可以使用动词force或者manage来翻译;若将“笑”翻译为名词,则修饰它的形容词只能使用forced,而不能使用managed。例如:

(8)他们向他打招呼时,他勉强笑了笑。He forced a smile when they greeted him.

(9)尽管她已身心疲惫,但她还是勉强露出了一丝微笑。Although she was exhausted both physically and emotionally, she managed a weak smile.

(10)“白跑了一趟”,发现上海注册酒庄的所有程序都可以线上办理后,她勉强地笑了笑叹气说道。 “A fool’s errand,” she sighed with a forced smile, after finding all procedures of registering a liquor store in Shanghai can be done online.

意思三的翻译:如果“勉强”表示“使人做他自己不愿意做的事”,则可以翻译为push/force sb. to do sth。例如:

(11)在身体没有完全恢复前,不要勉强自己去做高强度运动。Before you’re fully recovered, don’t push yourself to do high intensity physical exercise.

(12)如果他不喜欢那个面条,别勉强他。If he doesn’t like the noodle, don’t force him.

(13)如果你不愿意做这个工作,就别勉强自己。Don’t force yourself if you are unwilling to do the work.

意思四的翻译:当“勉强”表示“牵强,理由不充足”时,可以翻译为unconvincing或者far-fetched。例如:

(14)显然,他提出的这个理论似乎有点儿勉强。Obviously, his theory seems to be sort of far-fetched.

(15)我们所有人都认为他在会上给出的解释有些勉强。We all think the explanation he gave at the meeting is unconvincing.

意思五的翻译:如果“勉强”表示“将就;凑合”之义,多数情况下可以使用bare或者barely来翻译。例如:

(16)有些人拥有一份自己真的很喜欢做的工作,但每个月赚的钱却只勉强够花。Some people have a job they really love to do but earn barely enough money to make ends meet every month.

(17)她将嘴巴凑近我的耳朵耳语了一会儿,声音低得勉强可闻。She put her lips to my ear and whispered for a while in a barely audible voice.

“勉强”也经常用来描述选举、投票等,表示以可以量化的较小差距击败、获胜或者获得通过,则一般可以使用narrowly或者barely和动词beat、defeat、win及pass搭配来表达这一意思,也可以用短语by a narrow/bare majority或者by a narrow margin来翻译。例如:

(18)休斯顿火箭队周五晚上以112比109勉强战胜来访的多伦多猛龙队。The Houston Rockets barely won the game against the visiting Toronto Raptors 112-109 on Friday night.

(19)在2021年德国议会选举中,社民党以微弱优势勉强击败了总理默克尔所在的政党。Social Democratic Party narrowly beat Chancellor Merkel’s party in the 2021 German parliamentary election.

(20)2022年俄勒冈州立法会勉强通过了一项控枪法律。The Oregon Legislative Assembly narrowly passed a gun control law in 2022.

(21)经过两个小时的激烈辩论,议案以勉强多数获得通过。 After two hours of heated debate, the bill was passed by a bare/narrow majority.

由于考试通过与否也有一个及格分数线做参照,“勉强及格”就是指考生分数刚刚过及格线,二者相差不大,所以遇到“勉强及格”时,我们仍然可以用narrowly/barely pass、pass by a narrow margin或者名词短语a bare pass来翻译。例如:

(22)她说她儿子上学期数学考试勉强及格。She said that her son barely passed the math exam last semester.

(23)这一评价体系的A-level不能反映考试中高分通过A等和勉强通过A等的区别。The assessment system for A-level does not recognize the difference between a good pass and a bare pass at grade A.

不过需要注意的是,翻译修饰比例的“勉强”时,我们一般使用barely。例如:

(24)即便是迈克尔·乔丹投篮命中率也才勉强过半。Even Michael Jordan just makes barely half of his field-goal attempts.

(25)虽然该国三分之二以上的高中生上大学,但仅有勉强三分之一的人最终拿到学位。While more than two-thirds of high school students of that country attend college, barely one-third of those will end up getting a degree.

如果要表达有时间限制的“勉强做到”这一层意思,我们则可以用under the wire或者only just manage to do来翻译。例如:

(26)许多考生在阅读上花的时间过多,所以写作时间很少,最终只能勉强写完作文。Many test-takers spent too much time on reading and thus had little time for writing task. They generally ended up finishing their essay under the wire.

(27)我那天上午有好些事儿要办,到12点半总算勉强赶到了那里。I had a lot of work to do that morning and I only just managed to get there at half past twelve.

另外,有些情况下,我们还可以使用scrape有关的动词短语来翻译“勉强”一词,因为该词内含“勉强”之义。例如:

(28)有些学生期末考试勉强及格。Some of the students just scraped through the final exam.

(29)在H组,加纳勉强挤进了世界杯决赛。In Group H, Ghana scraped into the World Cup finals.

(30)他干一些当地人不愿意干的零活,靠微薄的收入勉强维持生计。He scraped by with a meager income, doing odd jobs that local residents shunned.

(31)父母勉强为她凑够了第一学期的1万元学费。Her parents had scraped together 10,000 yuan in tuition and fees for the first semester.

* 徐江,华东师范大学外语学院副教授,主要从事英语教学和美国文化研究,曾担任《新牛津英汉双解大词典》主译和主审。

** 郑莉,上海第二工业大学外语学院副教授,主要从事翻译理论与实践、英语教学等研究。

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