英语写作略谈:如何写好主题聚焦、逻辑连贯、过渡自然的段落?
作者: 徐海铭 庄甘霖摘 要:本文通过例证阐述英语段落写作的三个核心要素:内容聚焦统一,句子推进逻辑连贯,往下一个段落过渡切换自然。内容聚焦统一强调一个段落最好处理一个核心议题或概念,逻辑连贯强调整段论据的铺陈和推进应当围绕核心议题或概念。铺陈或推进论据的句子主语不能任意枝蔓,藉此,实现段落内在逻辑的缜密性和连贯性。最后,段落中对议题的概括总结,把该段落自然地过渡或切换到下一个段落或议题。
关键词:段落内容聚焦;谁的故事;句子推进;逻辑连贯;自然过渡
我们常常教导学生要学会阅读,特别是要学会批判性地阅读。也就是说,随着阅读文本的不断推进,读者要能不断地提问,甚至质疑文本的发展逻辑和前后阐述是否一致。首先,好的读者能够把自己的思路融入作者的视域中去,以心入文,做到读者和作者产生互动(interaction)和联动(transaction)。英国作家HilaryMantel(2011)认为,作品其实是读者和作者之间联动的结果。其次,好的读者能够把握作者的写作意图,读透行文之间的逻辑连贯和字里行间的弦外之音或言外之意。精明的读者不仅能从细微的、局部的词句层面上捕捉到它们的表层意义(literal meaning) 和修辞意义(figurative meaning),更重要的是,还能够从大处、从整体布局上把握每一段落的内容演进逻辑,发现其意义簇(meaning clusters)、意义块(meaning chunks)或意义链(meaning chains) 向前推进的一致性和聚焦性,从而获得关于该段落意义的准确理解。
要学会阅读段落,掌握段落写作的肌理,然后不断尝试段落写作,反复修改锤炼,直至写出像样的段落。我们现在通过剖析实例来作进一步阐述。先看一篇人物传记文体的叙事性段落写法。
Hamilton hovered in a queerlimbo during this period. He felt bothpowerful and powerless. He was aprivate citizen and lawyer, yet allegedby some to be more influential thanthe president himself. He certainlyhad unparalleled access to Adam’scabinet and often sent them lettersthat repeated verbatim in memos forthe president, without identifyingHamilton as the source. At the sametime, Hamilton struggled to redeemhis reputation after the disclosure ofhis assignations with Maria Reynolds.Writing to Rufus King, Robert Troupnoted the paradox that Hamilton’slegal practice was “extensive andlucrative” but that he was still undersiege from the scandal. “For thistwelvemonth past this poor man—Hamilton I mean—has been mostviolently and infamously abused bythe democratic party . His ill-judgedpamphlet has done him incomparablyinjury.”
(Chernow,2004)
这是描写美国缔造者之一和后来的财政部部长亚力山大·汉自己思路不清,不知道究竟要论述关于谁的故事。读完段落,我们知道他显然是要说关于学生(who)对待重写或修改作文(rewriting)的故事。
修改稿:
For most students, rewritingis a dirty word. They see it as apunishment, a penalty for havingwritten poorly. They are forced bytheir teachers to correct mistakes inpapers already graded or to completeworkbook exercises on writingproblems in someone else’s prose. Ifthey are requested to write an entirepaper, they immediately assume thattheir first draft was a complete failure.Worst of all, they become convincedby the countless inadequacies in theirdraft that words manipulate writers,not the other way around. If they dorewrite, they do so reluctantly, astheir pained reasons attest.
(Gopen,2004)
段落剖析:通过统一主语、调整语序和重新表达句子,整段最后只有两个主语,即rewriting 和students(they)。也就是说,整个段落是关于学生(谁的故事)和重写作文的故事(什么故事),内容聚焦,高度一致。再看后面的具体证据铺陈,老师和学生对待重写的态度不一样:老师强迫学生重写;学生认为重写是自己写作完成失败;最糟糕的是,他们相信他们初稿中的无数不足说明了他们被词语操纵,而不是他们驾驭词语。例证不断推进,由外而内,由表及里,逻辑连贯。最后一句,既总结了前述内容,又自然过渡到下面一个段落的内容:他们不情愿重写,有他们痛苦的理由作证。
作为本文结语,我们要说,如果你对英语段落的写作模式已经做到驾轻就熟,那么,你实际上已经掌握了英语整体篇章写作的一半技巧了。掌握了这样的技巧,不仅有利于使写作规范地道,而且也有益于你阅读英语文章。善写者必善阅读,这是我们从多年的阅读和写作教学实践中获得的切身体会。
参考文献
Brooks , D . 2022 . Iremember conservatism[J]. The Atlantic ,(1/2): 94—103
Chernow , R . 2004 . Alexander Hamilton [M]. London: PenguinBooks.
Gopen , G . 2004 . Expectations :Teaching writing from the readers’perspective [ M ] .London: Pearson Longman.
Mantel, H. 2011. A place of greater safety [M]. London: Penguin Books.
徐海铭,上海外国语大学英语学院教授,博士生导师。
庄甘林,上海外国语大学贤达经济人文学院讲师。