北部湾沿海不同地理群体施氏獭蛤形态差异分析
作者: 廖韬梁 王芷禧 栗志民
摘要 随机选取北海、东兴、防城港和草潭4个地理群体施氏獭蛤( Lutraria sieboldii )样本,测量壳长(LS)、壳宽(WS)、壳高(HS)、前缘长(LE)、后缘长(LT)、壳厚(TS)、总重(WT)、软体重(WM)、壳重(WSW)。测量数据校正后,采用形态指标变异分析、单因素方差分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析5 种多元统计分析方法对4个群体的形态差异进行分析。结果表明:草潭群体的贝壳壳型相对较圆,而防城港群体壳型相对较扁,4个群体的壳长均偏向一侧生长且偏后侧的程度较大,4个群体间的分化程度尚未达到亚种差异水平。方差分析和多重比较结果揭示,4个群体之间形态差异显著。经过主成分分析可知,主成分1的贡献率为47.861%,主成分2的贡献率为17252%,主成分3的贡献率为14.090%,累计贡献率为79.203%。根据主成分得分构建主成分散点图,发现北海群体、草潭群体和东兴群体之间具有高度相似性,而防城港群体与其他3个群体的差异较大。聚类分析结果表明,北海、草潭和东兴3个群体汇聚成一个分支,防城港群体独立成为一个分支。判别分析结果显示,判别准确率 P 1为87.18%~100%, P 2为84.85%~100%,4个群体的综合判别率( P )为94.57%。4个群体间的形态差异真实存在,北海群体、东兴群体和草潭群体3个群体之间差异较小,防城港群体则与其他3个群体间差异较大,4个群体之间形态上出现的差异可能与群体间的基因交流、所栖息的生态环境以及人为的一些养殖开发活动有关。分析北部湾沿海4个不同地理群体施氏獭蛤的形态差异,可为其种质资源的保护以及优良品种选育提供参考资料。
关键词 施氏獭蛤;形态差异;主成分分析;判别分析;聚类分析
中图分类号 S 968.3 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2025)01-0107-06
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2025.01.022
开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):
Morphological Variation Analysis of Different Geographical Populations of Lutraria sieboldii in the Coastal Area of Beibu Gulf
LIAO Tao-liang,WANG Zhi-xi,LI Zhi-min
(College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088)
Abstract Four geographical groups, namely Beihai, Dongxing, Fangchenggang, and Caotan, were randomly selected to measure the shell length (LS), shell width (WS), shell height (HS), leading edge length (LE), trailing edge length (LT), shell thickness (TS), total weight (WT), soft body weight (WM), and shell weight (WSW). After the measurement data was corrected, five kinds of multivariate statistical analysis methods were used to analyze the morphological differences among the four populations, including the variation analysis of the morphological indices, one-way variance analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis. The results showed that the shell type of Caotan population was relatively round, while the shell type of Fangchenggang population was relatively flat. The shell length of all the four populations tended to grow on one side and had a greater degree of posterior growth. The differentiation degree of all the four populations had not yet reached the level of subspecies difference. ANOVA and multiple comparison analysis revealed significant morphological differences among the four populations. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the contribution rate of principal component 1 was 47.861%, the contribution rate of principal component 2 was 17.252%, the contribution rate of principal component 3 was 14.090%, and the cumulative contribution rate was 79203%. Based on the principal component scores, a scatter plot of principal components was constructed, which revealed a high degree of similarity among the Beihai population, Caotan population, and Dongxing population, while Fangchenggang population had a significant degree of difference from the other three groups. The cluster analysis results showed that the three populations of Beihai, Caotan, and Dongxing converged to form a branch, while Fangchenggang population formed an independent branch. The discriminant analysis results showed that the discrimination accuracy P 1 was 87.18%-100%, P 2 was 84.85%-100%, and the comprehensive discrimination rate ( P ) of the four populations was 94.57%. The morphological differences among the four populations truly existed. The differences among Beihai, Dongxing, and Caotan populations were relatively small, while Fangchenggang population had greater differences with the other three populations. The morphological differences among the four populations might be related with gene exchange among the populations, the ecological environment , and some artificial breeding and development activities. The morphological differences of four different geographical populations of Lutaria sieboldii in the the coastal area of Beibu Gulf were analyzed, which could provide the materials for the protection of germplasm resources and the selection of excellent varieties.
Key words Lutraria sieboldii ;Morphological difference;Principal component analysis;Discriminant analysis;Cluster analysis
基金项目 科技部国家重点研发计划“蓝色粮仓科技创新”专题(2018YFD0901400);广西创新驱动发展专项(桂科AA19254032-3)。
作者简介 廖韬梁(2002—),女,广东广州人,本科生,研究方向:海洋生物学。
*通信作者,教授,博士,从事贝类遗传育种研究。
施氏獭蛤( Lutraria sieboldii )俗名象鼻蚌,属软体动物门(Mollusca)瓣鳃纲(Lamellibranchia)帘蛤目(Veneroida)蛤蜊科(Mactridae)獭蛤属( Lutraria )[1]。该贝类主要分布于热带-亚热带海区,在我国浙江、广东 、广西、海南等沿海地区均有分布,主要生活在潮下带的细沙或沙泥底质中[2]。施氏獭蛤足部和水管肌肉发达,出肉率高、肉味鲜脆可口,具有很高的食用价值,深受广大消费者的喜爱,已成为宴席上的佳肴。同时,该贝类具有极高的经济价值。广西滩涂资源调查表明,适合施氏獭蛤养殖的面积可达3.33万hm 潜在养殖效益超过200亿元[3]。施氏獭蛤市场价格呈现一路攀升态势,已经由过去的60元/kg涨至120元/kg。虽然该贝类在北部湾沿海养殖规模日渐扩大,但依然无法满足市场对施氏獭蛤商品贝的需求。近年来,许多学者针对该贝类人工苗种繁育和养殖技术,相继开展了该贝类繁殖发生[4-7]、生理生态[8-10]、苗种培育[11]和养殖技术[12]等方面的研究,并取得了阶段性成果。近年来,北部湾沿海施氏獭蛤选择育种受到科技工作者的关注[13]。在贝类育种工作中开展亲贝的系统选育或改良,明确遗传背景,可避免因近亲繁殖、遗传多样性降低而导致的经济性状退化。2011年,李斌等[14]对施氏獭蛤形态差异进行了研究。为准确了解目前北部湾沿海不同地理群体施氏獭蛤的种群资源现状,为该贝类选择育种制定合理的计划,依然有必要通过形态差异分析方法对施氏獭蛤开展全面、系统的调查。
多元统计分析方法适用于水产动物群体形态差异分析,已在多种鱼类中得到广泛应用,比如金钱鱼( Scatophagus argus)[15]、鲐鱼(Scomber japonicus)[16]、石斑鱼(Epinephelus sp. )[17]、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)[18]和黄鳍棘鲷(Acanthopagrus latus)[19]等,为鱼类种质鉴定和良种选育奠定了基础。采用多变量形态度量学方法开展形态差异分析在虾类中也被普遍应用,如斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)[20]、脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)[21]、罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)[22]、日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)[23]和凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)[24] 等,为我国经济虾类的选育和生产实践提供了依据。随着贝类育种工作的不断推进,许多科技工作者一直关注贝类不同群体间的形态差异。通过测定贝类形态性状和体质量性状,作为评估贝类遗传信息的重要依据,可为种质资源的保护以及优良品种的选育提供参考。祁剑飞等[25]应用多元统计分析方法对不同海域的 5 个菲律宾蛤仔( Ruditapes philippinarum )野生群体形态数据进行了比较分析,揭示海洲群体与其他4个群体(南浦、莱州、莆田、汕尾)形态差异显著,壳宽/壳长较大。荆圆圆等[26]运用多变量形态度量学方法,通过方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析方法对日照东港、烟台海阳、青岛黄岛、威海文登和东营垦利5个中国蛤蜊( Mactra chinensis )野生群体形态数据进行了比较分析。类似的研究也出现在其他经济贝类中,比如翡翠贻贝( Perna viridis )[27]、波纹巴非蛤( Paphia undulata)[28]、织锦巴非蛤(Paphia textile)[29]和青蛤(Cyclina sinensis) [30]等。随着北部湾沿海施氏獭蛤养殖业的日益兴起以及该贝类遗传育种研究的不断深入,明确其在该沿海地区的种群资源状况显得十分必要。由于外部形态差异是不同野生地理群体基于形态测量学的判定条件,因此开展施氏獭蛤形态差异分析可为调查、评估和保护该贝类野生种群资源以及后续杂交育种利用提供支持。